Low impact urban design by closing the urban water cycle

Abstract

Abstract Current fast urbanization and increasing quality of life result in increments on resources’ demand. Increasing resources demand implies as well increments on waste production. However, limited availability of resources such us: oil, fresh water, phosphorus, metals (Boyle et al., 2010, Gordon et al., 2006; Rockström et al., 2009) and limited earth’s productive and carrying capacity (Rees, 1999) are potential restrictions to urban growth and urban sustainability. These pressures, however, are drivers towards more efficient resource use. In a world of cities, urban systems play a key role to find solutions for these global pollution and depletion problems (Xu et al., 2010). To alleviate these pressures, it is needed to minimize demand and to shift from linear to circular metabolism, in which recycling and reusing are key activities (Girardet, 2003)