Basri, C.

Hermans, P.G.

Lukman, D.W.

lyas, A.Z.

Nell, A.J.

Ridwan, Y.

Sudarnika, E.

Sugama, A.

Sunartatie, T.

Wibowo, B.A.

English

Wageningen Yield 

Annex 5.7  
BIOSECURITY MEASURES ON BROILER FARMS IN SUBANG, WEST JAVA 
INDONESIA 
Etih Sudarnika1, Y Ridwan1, AZ Ilyas 1, C Basri 1, DW Lukman1, T. Sunartatie1, BA 
Wibowo 1, A Sugama2, P Hermans3, AJ Nell 4 
1 Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University  
2 District Livestock Services, Subang District, West Java, Indonesia 
3Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen University Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands 
4Centre for Development Innovation, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The 
Netherlands 
Keywords: biosecurity, sector 3, broiler farm 
Introduction 
Poultry farms can be categorized into four sectors according to a classification system 
developed by the FAO (FAO, 2004). Sector 3 and 4 farms, by definition, have lower 
levels of biosecurity than farms belonging to sector 1 and 2. Therefore, poultry farms in 
sector 3 and 4 have a higher potential risk for acquiring and transmitting disease, 
including Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). As part of a larger collaborative 
multi-intervention pilot project in Cipunagara Sub-district of Subang District, the Bogor 
Agricultural University, the Livestock Services of Subang and the Indonesian-Dutch 
Partnership on HPAI control are designing interventions to raise biosecurity levels of 
sector 3 farms in this sub-district. However, relatively little is known about the present 
biosecurity levels on these farms. The aim of this study therefore was to provide 
information on the present biosecurity measures which are in place on sector 3 farms in 
Cipunagara and to measure farmers’ attitudes and opinions towards biosecurity 
improvements. 
Research Methods 
A cross-sectional survey was carried out from January 18th until January 24th, 2010. The 
target population was sector 3 poultry farms in Cipunagara Subdistrict, Subang District, 
West Java. There were 25 sector 3 poultry farms in Cipunagara at the time of the survey 
which were all broiler farms. It was decided to sample the entire target population of 25 
farms. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire which was modified from an 
existing questionnaire developed by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural 
Research (ACIAR). Respondents were farm owners or farm managers. The 
questionnaire was administered during a face-to-face interview and contained questions 
about existing biosecurity measures, farm infrastructure, farm management, poultry 
health and productivity as well as farmer’s knowledge of biosecurity and their opinion 
about the ease of implementation of biosecurity measures. Questions pertaining to 
biosecurity could be grouped into the three principles of biosecurity as defined by the 
FAO (FAO, 2008), namely traffic control (2 questions), sanitation (15 questions) and 
isolation (23 questions). The proportion of the biosecurity measures which were applied 
on each farm out of the total number of biosecurity measures addressed by the 
questionnaire (40 items) was calculated and expressed as a percentage. Farmers’ 
opinions about the ease of implementation of biosecurity measures was scored on a 
scale of 1 to 3 with 1 being not very easy and 3 being very easy to implement. The 
proportion of farmers’ opinions falling in scores 1, 2 or 3 for a variety of biosecurity 
measures was then calculated. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. 
Results and Discussion 
The proportion of biosecurity measures which were applied by poultry farms in sector 3 in 
Cipunagara Subdistrict out of the total of 40 biosecurity measures addressed by the 
questionnaire is presented in Table 1.  
Table 1 shows that the level of biosecurity on poultry farms in sector 3 is still far from 
optimal. Out of the total of 40 biosecurity items which were addressed in the 
questionnaire, a maximum of 23 (57.5%) items were present on one farm. An average of 
16.88 (42.2%) biosecurity items were present on the surveyed farms. The least number 
of biosecurity measures which were present on the farms were related to traffic control. 
Only one farm (4%) had a sign instructing visitors to report before entering the farm and 
not a single farm had a visitor registration system in the form of a log book. The highest 
number of biosecurity measures which were present on the farms were related to 
isolation (segregation) with an average of 10.28 (45.0%) items and a maximum of 14 
(61.0%) items being present. 
Table 1 The number and percentage of biosecurity practices applied at poultry farms in 
sector 3 in Cipunagara, Subang, out of the total number of biosecurity measures 
addressed by the questionnaire (n=40) 
Principles of biosecurity Number 
of items 
Minimum Average Maximum 
Traffic Control 2 0 
(0.0%) 
0.04 
(2.0%) 
1 
50.0% 
Sanitation 15 4  
(26.7%) 
6.56  
(43.7%) 
9  
(60.0%) 
Isolation 23 7 
(30.0%) 
10.28 
(45.0%) 
14 
(61.0%) 
Over all 40 12 
(30.0%) 
16.88 
(42.2%) 
23 
(57.5%) 
Twenty four farmers (96%) separated sick birds from healthy birds and burned or buried 
dead birds, whereas all 25  farms indicated that they never allowed unsold poultry to 
return from the market to the farm, 17 (68%) farms practiced an all in all out system, and 
23 from 32 sheds (72%) always locked the sheds.  Nevertheless, none of the farms 
controlled the access of wild birds, rodents, or insects into the poultry shed or had strict 
measures to keep other poultry or domestic animals away from their flock. Most farms (18 
farms; 72%) did not have fences, Just 5 (20%) farms had gates, just 4 (16%) farms had 
locks on gates, 21 (84%) farms did not have warning signs in front of the farms and 
sheds, and not a single farm had a hygiene barrier in front of sheds. In terms of sanitation 
measures, almost all (21 farms; 84%) provided hand washing facilities for workers, 
cleaned (with water and soap) and disinfected the sheds regularly after finishing the 
production cycle, and 17 (68%) farms  changed the litter at least two times in a cycle. All 
of the farms sourced their water either from a well or from the tap. Nevertheless, other 
hygiene facilities were lacking such as just 12 from 32 (37.5%) sheds had foot baths in 
front of the sheds, just 1 (4%) farm had special clothes and 7 (28%) farms had boots to 
wear while handling the poultry, and just 4 (12.5%) sheds had warning signs for workers 
or visitors reminding them of proper hygienic standards. In addition, there was open water 
on 13 (52%) of the farms which can be an attractant for wild fowl, insects and rodents.  
The biosecurity measures which all farmers considered most easy to implement were 
burning of dead chickens, burying dead chickens and removing the manure from the 
house. In contrast, the biosecurity measure which the majority of farmers (84%) found not 
very easy to implement was showering at the main entrance.  
Conclusion 
The majority of farms in this survey were independent farms with limited or no supervision 
by contract companies and/or government. This could partly explain their mediocre 
biosecurity status. However, the fact that the majority of farmers considered almost all of 
the addressed biosecurity measures very easy to implement, suggests that the 
deficiencies in biosecurity which were found in this survey are more a result of a 
perceived lack of urgency than because of structural or financial constraints. This leaves 
room for an educational and supervisory role for the local district livestock services.   
Acknowledgements 
We thank the broiler farmers which took part in this survey and the Subang District 
Livestock Service Officers for their excellent cooperation. We would also like to thank all 
team members who assisted in the collection and the processing of the data. 
References 
[FAO,  2004] Recommendations on the Prevention, Control and Eradication of Highly Pathogenic 
Avian Influenza in Asia. FAO Position Paper, September 2004. Rome, Italy 
[FAO, 2008] Biosecurity for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. Issues and Options. Rome, Italy 


Biosecurity for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. Issues and Options.

Recommendations on the Prevention, Control and Eradication of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Asia.

Biosecurity measures on broiler farms in Subang, West Java Indonesia

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Biosecurity measures on broiler farms in Subang, West Java Indonesia

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