This literature study shows that dietary supplementation of copper and zinc to dairy cattle above current recommendations does not show convincing health benefits

Goselink, R.M.A.

Jongbloed, A.W.

English

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(duration of treatment: 98 days) SCC 12 SCC wk 12 SCC wk 14 Low Zn

2.1.2 Effect of dietary Cu Table 3 summarizes the papers on the effect of Cu on immune response parameters as cited by Galyean

According to Dutch recommendations (COMV,

Animals Results 3 Positive effect Spears et al.,

Based on the data in Table 3, there is no scientific ground to assume a positive effect of Cu supplementation above recommended levels (approx. 10 mg/kg DM) in calves.

Besides acute intoxication, a chronic Zn overload will also result in degenerative processes and Zn accumulation in liver, kidney and pancreas

Changes in some blood micronutrients, leukocytes and neutrophil expression of adhesion molecules in periparturient dairy cows.

Commission regulation (EC) No

Consequences of newly proposed maximum contents of copper and zinc in diets for cattle pigs and poultry on animal performance and health. Report ID-Lelystad no.

Contenuto in potassio della razione e carenza di zinco nelle bovine da latte [Relationships between the potassium content of the feed ration and zinc deficiency in dairy cows]. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari

Control ZnO Zn-prot Zn-poly Dietary Zn level (mg/kg

Copper status, serum cholesterol, and milk fatty acid profile in Holstein cows fed varying concentrations of copper.

Correction of subnormal fertiliy with copper or magnesium supplementation.

Decreased plasma retinal, α-tocopherol, and zinc concentration during the periparturient period: effect of milk fever.

Digital characteristics in commercial dairy herds fed metal-specific amino acid complexes.

Effect of additional cobalt, copper, manganese, and zinc on reproduction on milk yield of lactating dairy cows receiving bovine somatotropin.

Effect of copper deficiency on tissue, blood characteristics, and immune function of calves challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and Pasteurella hemolytica.

Effect of copper supplementation and vaccination on cellular immune response in growing beef calves.

Effect of molybdenum-induced copper deficiency on in vivo and in vitro measures of neutrophil chemotaxis both prior to and following an inflammatory stressor.

Effect of organic zinc sources on performance, zinc status and carcass, meat and claw quality in fattening bulls.

Effect of supplemental dietary vitamin E and zinc on reproductive performance of dairy cows and heifers fed excess iron.

Effect of zinc methionine supplementation on performance and selected blood parameters of lactating dairy cows.

Effect of zinc source and level and added copper lysine in the receiving diet on performance by growing and finishing steers.

Effects defined as ‘–‘ (negative effect); ‘0’ (no effect); ‘+’ (positive effect) or a ‘±’ (both positive and negative effects, or ambiguous) Report 519 6 2.2 Udder health 2.2.1 Effect of Zn on somatic cell count As already stated ten years ago by Jongbloed

Effects of copper deficiency and copper deficiency coupled with high dietary iron or molybdenum on phagocytic cell function and response of calves to a respiratory disease challenge.

Effects of copper, zinc and selenium status on performance and health in commercial dairy and beef herds: retrospective study.

Effects of level and form of dietary zinc on dairy cow performance and health.

Effects of pre-weaning vitamin E, selenium, and copper supplementation on the performance, acute phase protein concentration, and lymphocyte responsiveness of stressed beef calves.

Effects of zinc methionine and zinc oxide on performance, blood characteristics, and antibody titer response to viral vaccination in stressed feeder calves.

Effects of zinc, copper and selenium supplementation on the humoral immune system of weaned steers.

Feed intake, rectal temperature, and serum mineral concentrations of feedlot cattle fed zinc oxide or zinc methionine and challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

Feeding above required intake levels will also result in undesirable Cu excretion and accumulation in the environment.

Growing lambs No effect on various immune parameters: lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to PHA, ConA and PWM.

Heifer calves During low Zn lower skin swelling response to PHA (also lower growth animals were deficient). Kegley et al.,

Humoral immune system response to copper and selenium supplementation in weaned steers.

IBRV: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus; PHA: Phytohemagglutinin; BRD: Bovine Respiratory Disease; ConA: concanavalin A; PWM: Pokeweed Mitogen Report 519 4 2.1.1 Effect of dietary Zn Some of the data used by Galyean

Immune response and performance of heifers supplemented with zinc from an organic and an inorganic source.

Influence of copper status in heifers on response to intramammary challenge with Escherichia coli endotoxin.

Influence of dietary zinc and dexamethasone on immune responses and resistance to Pasteurella hemolytica challenge in -1226.

Influence of dietary zinc level and source and stress on zinc status and immune responses in growing lambs.

Influence of milk components, somatic cells and supplemental zinc on milk processability.

Injection of Cu to animals marginal or deficient in Cu Chirase

Interaction of cattle health/immunity and nutrition.

Invited review: Formation of keratins in the bovine claw: Roles of hormones, minerals, and vitamins in functional integrity.

It can be concluded that the effect of Cu supplementation above requirement on SCC and udder health is variable, as reported before in the review of Harmon and Torre

Jongbloed Zinc and copper in dairy cattle feeding

Manual mineral supply cattle, sheep, goats [Handleiding mineralenvoorziening rundvee, schapen, geiten] (In Dutch). Centraal Veevoederbureau,

Mastitis in the modern dairy cow and the role of nutrition and management.

Milk differential cell counts and compositional changes in cows during different physiological stages.

National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals.

Nutritional effects on development and function of the mucosal immune system – with a focus on pigs and poultry. Report ASG for Product Board Animal Feed, The Netherlands.

Oral zinc therapy in the control of infectious pododermatitis in young bulls.

Recent developments in trace element metabolism and function: trace elements, disease resistance and immune responsiveness in ruminants.

Recovery rate and plasma zinc and copper concentrations of steer calves fed organic and inorganic zinc and manganese sources with or without injectable copper and challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

Responses of dairy cows fed alfalfa silage supplemented with phosphorus, copper, zinc, and manganese.

Responses of lactating dairy cows to copper source, supplementation rate, and dietary antagonist.

Richtlijn 2000/60/EG van het europees parlement en de raad van 23 oktober

Risico’s van toxische stoffen in de Nederlandse oppervalktewateren.

Role of dietary copper in enhancing resistance to Escherichia coli mastitis.

Table 2 Summary of three experiments (Chirase

Table 6 Effect of Zn dose (35 or 45 mg/kg) and form of additional Zn-supplementation (10 mg/kg DM ZnO, Zn-proteinate or Zn-polysaccharide) on the performance and claw characteristics of fattening bulls (Kessler et al.,

The dietary Cu content in the experiment of Kellog

The effect of concentrate composition on lameness and hoof health in dairy cows.

The effect of feeding organic and inorganic zinc on biochemical parameters in zincdeficient calves.

The effect of trace mineral fortification level and source on performance of dairy cattle.

The effects of copper deficiency with or without high dietary iron or molybdenum on immune function of cattle.

The following concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mo or S in the control diets were presented (mg/kg DM) Chirase

the scientific basis for a positive effect on SCC with Zn supplementation above recommendations is minimal. Furthermore, an adequate length of the study to show an effect of Zn on SCC is necessary.

There are some other subjects of interest that have not been investigated sufficiently. There are indications suggesting that potassium (K) may negatively affect Zn uptake in ruminants (Bonomi et al.,

there is substantial support for the role of Zn in claw health of cattle, but the lack of scientific data complicates the evaluation of the effect of Zn supplementation on claw health at dietary Zn levels above the generally established requirements (COMV,

Trace minerals and dairy cattle: Importance for udder health. In:

Treatment (Trt) n Zn Cu Mn Co P DMI Milk Fat Prot

Variations in some inorganic components and physical properties of claw keratin associated with claw disease in the British Friesian cow.

Well-designed peer-reviewed trials on the effect of specifically Zn supplementation on hoof quality of dairy cows could not be found. Experiments often comprise combinations of effects. Offer

Zinc methionine affects performance of lactating cows.

Zinc oxide and amino acids as sources of dietary zinc for calves: Effects on uptake and immunity.

Zinc supplementation and somatic cell count in milk of dairy cows. Acta Vet.

Zinc toxicity in ruminants.

Zinc toxicity in ruminants. IV. Physiological changes in tissues of beef cattle.

Zn is relatively safe for the animal itself up to concentrations of approximately 500 mg/kg DM, while recommendations reach 20-35 mg/kg DM depending on stage of lactation (COMV,

ZnMet, ZnLys, ZnO Calves No effect on various immune parameters: lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to PHA, ConA, PWM, lymphocyte IL-2 production, lymphocyte cytotoxicity, or phagocytic and intracellular killing ability of neutrophils.

Zinc and copper in dairy cattle feeding

NARCIS 

Koper (Cu) en zink (Zn) zijn belangrijke spoorelementen in melkveerantsoenen, aangezien beide mineralen wijdverspreid en essentieel zijn in de stofwisseling. Een overmaat aan Cu en Zn wordt uitgescheiden in de mest, wat leidt tot een stapeling in het milieu. Vanuit het milieu bezien is het dan ook gewenst om de Cu- en Zn-niveaus in voedermiddelen terug te dringen, zodat de excretie via de mest geminimaliseerd wordt zonder daarbij de diergezondheid en dierprestaties te schaden. In deze review is onderzocht of de toevoeging van Cu en Zn in rantsoenen boven de fysiologische behoefte een positief effect heeft op de gezondheid en vruchtbaarheid van melkvee.This literature study shows that dietary supplementation of copper and zinc to dairy cattle above current recommendations does not show convincing health benefits

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Zinc and copper in dairy cattle feeding

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