Plant protection is an important and integral part of an agricultural production system. Plant pests and diseases\ud
can cause yield losses on farm, ranging from 25 ??? 40% with a value of about US $550 billion worldwide.\ud
Excessive use of synthetic pesticides has caused detrimental effects on the environment and rendered agricultural\ud
production system uneconomical. Therefore, biopesticide is a promising alternative control measures in plant\ud
protection. This article discusses the teaching of technopreneurship of biopesticide with several topics of\ud
discussion, including: introduction to and the importance of biopesticide, demonstration of biopesticide\ud
development, formulation, intellectual right, and commercialization of a new biopesticide product

Nur, Amin

Plant protection is an important and integral part of an agricultural production system. Plant pests and diseases can cause yield losses on farm, ranging from 25 – 40% with a value of about US $550 billion worldwide. Excessive use of synthetic pesticides has caused detrimental effects on the environment and rendered agricultural production system uneconomical.  Therefore, biopesticide is a promising alternative control measures in plant protection. This article discusses the teaching of technopreneurship of biopesticide with several topics of discussion, including: introduction to and the importance of biopesticide, demonstration of biopesticide development, formulation, intellectual right, and commercialization of a new biopesticide product. Keywords: Biopesticide, Patent, Technoprenuership, Plant Protectio

Amin, Nur

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper)  ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.3, No.6, 2013  88 Teaching of Biopesticide Development as a Technoprenuership Opportunity in Plant Protection  Nur Amin*  Department of  Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 90245, Indonesia * E-mail of the corresponding author : nuramin_62@yahoo.com  The research is financed by RAMP – IPB and Ministry of Education and Culture under the SKIM Hibah Kompetensi Abstract Plant protection is an important and integral part of an agricultural production system. Plant pests and diseases can cause yield losses on farm, ranging from 25 – 40% with a value of about US $550 billion worldwide. Excessive use of synthetic pesticides has caused detrimental effects on the environment and rendered agricultural production system uneconomical.  Therefore, biopesticide is a promising alternative control measures in plant protection. This article discusses the teaching of technopreneurship of biopesticide with several topics of discussion, including: introduction to and the importance of biopesticide, demonstration of biopesticide development, formulation, intellectual right, and commercialization of a new biopesticide product.  Keywords: Biopesticide, Patent, Technoprenuership, Plant Protection   1. Introduction Pests and diseases are important biological limiting factors in plant production system. Yield losses due to pests and diseases range from 25 – 40%, worth about US$ 550 billion all over the world, not including the losses in storage (Agrios, 2005). The extensive use of synthetic pesticides in 1990’s was unable to provide satisfactory solution of the problems. Even some unintended detrimental effects of the pesticide use such as pest resistance against pesticides used, death of natural enemies, and agricultural product and environment contaminations have become evident.  Biopesticide is a promising alternative control ammunition in plant protection.  In 2010, growers spent approximately US$ 1 billion or about 5% of the total spending on pesticides throughout the world.  There is a strong tendency that biopesticide market increases while synthetic pesticide market decreases.  Several factors are in favor of biopesticide use, namely: many synthetic pesticides have been withdrawn from the market because they were considered harmful to consumers and environment; global trade regulations apply low tolerance to synthetic pesticide residue in food products; farm workers are more aware of their safety in work place; and consumers’ demand for healthy products increases. In addition, the implementation of the integrated pest management enhances the need for safer control measures like biopesticide (Marrone, 2008). The growth of biopesticide market opens opportunities for an entrepreneurship in biopesticide commercialization. In order to help create new entrepreneurs, university students -especially those who are in the field of plant protection- should be taught knowledge and skills in biopesticide development. The teaching materials include the introduction and importance of biopesticide, demonstration of biopesticide development, intellectual right (patent), quality control, and commercialization.    THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOPESTICIDE In general, a biopesticide is a pesticide with self-propogating active agent, like parasitoid, predator, and pathogen (FAO 1997).  In addition, Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia  defines a biopesticide as a pesticide with organism, including species, subspecies, variety of insect, nematode, protozoa, fungus, bacterium, virus, micoplasma, and other organisms in all of their life stages that can be used to suppress losses due to pests and diseases in all agricultural activities, both on- and off-farms (Ministry of  Agriculture, 1995) Several microbial and biochemical pesticides that are commercially available are listed in Table 1 and  Table 2, respectively.   All biopesticides listed in Table 1 and 2 were developed abroad. In general, effectiveness of a biocontrol agent is strongly affected by its environment.  Locally available natural enemies are more desirable in developing a biopesticide because they are expected to be more adaptable to the environment where they are going to be used. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper)  ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.3, No.6, 2013  89 Therefore, in the Technopreneur class of Biopesticide Development, taught in the department of Plant Protection funded by RAMP-IPB, Hasanuddin University, students were introduced to biopesticide development using locally available organisms.  In addition, they also learn about the richness of the local biodiversity, including organisms that are potential for biopesticide developments (Nur Amin et al, 2010).  DEMONSTRATION OF BIOPESTICIDE DEVELOPMENT The main objective the Technoprenuer Class in Biopestisida is to demonstrate the process of a bioinsecticide development.  The demonstration is carried out both in the laboratory and field with several steps starting from isolation of potential local biocontrol agents, including endophytes, entomopathogen fungi, parasitoid, and predator until the marketing of the product. From the teaching activities, several isolates of endophytic fungi have been collected from cocoa plants (Nur Amin, et al, 2010). Some of the isolates have been used in the study on biopesticide development against under MP3EI Research Scheme funded by the Directorate General of Higher Eduction, Ministry of Eduaction and Culture, Republic of Indonesia (La Daha et al, 2012). Field demonstration was conducted by visiting local liquid fertilizer companies to stimulate students’ interest in starting their own businesses in biopesticide production.   FORMULATION One of the main factors that are potential to affect economic feasibility of a biopesticide product is formulation technology.  Appropriate formulation can increase product stability and viability that can reduce inconsistency of the product in the field.  One of the main constrains that commonly found in developing a new biopesticide is inconsistent performance of the product in the field.  Research conducted to find appropriate formulation for a given biopesticide usually requires a lot of time (Retchelderfer,1984; Greaves, 1993). Technical and chemical compatibility and application method are prerequisite for the success of a new biopesticide product in the agricultural industry.  Good formulation can be reflected by the long  product storability.  Several commonly used biopesticide formulations include granules, pellets, dry powder, and wet powder. Granules can protect the active agent from desiccation and also provide basic food for the agent.  Powder is easy to apply by suspending it in water and also can cover a wide area of application.  Powder formulation is also suitable for seed treatment (Urquhart & Punja, 1997; Nur Amin, 2011a, b).  INTELECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT (PATENT) The objective this teaching material is to give an understanding to the students about the importance of the intellectual right in the research, development, and innovation in university.  This material describes in details the steps of applying for an intellectual right, specifically for a biopesticide product, namely: 1) invention title, 2) technical field of the invention, 3) invention background, 4) brief description of the invention, 5) brief explanation of the pictures, 6) claims, 8) abstract, and 9) pictures (if applicable) with physical description of the invention.  Students are also directed to perform literature search on the web to gather information about patent application.  Some of the webs students can visit are: www.uspto.qov (US), www.jpo-miti.go (Japan), www.ipaustralia.qov.au (Australia), www.patens1.ic.qc.ca/intro-e.htl (Canada), www.european-paten-office.org/espacenet /info/index  (Europe), www.delphion.com (general information). At the present time, we have applied for several patents for biopesticides that have been developed in our laboratory. (Nur Amin et al, 2011 a, b dan Nur Amin, 2012).    COMMERCIALIZATION (ENTREPRENEURSHIP) In this session of teaching activities, students are taught and showed how to make a business plan for biopesticide business.  After having comprehensive and thorough understanding of the material, they are asked to complete individual assignment of making a business plan. Their business plans are then discussed in the class through student presentations in front the class.  Our experiences show that this class assignments effectively help students to grasp the important ideas and processes in developing a new biopesticide and its commercialization.  IMPORTANT NOTES The subject of “Biopesticide Development as an Entrepreneurship Opportunity” has been offered and taught for the last three years at the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases.  From this experience, several important points are worth noted as follow: 1. The subject of  Technoprenuer should be offered as inter-university class taught by teaching staffs from different universities involved.  The teaching staffs should have experience in technopreneur in Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper)  ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.3, No.6, 2013  90 different fields of business.  Therefore, the teaching topics can be rotate from year to year.  The teaching delivery can be done in the form of video conference.  For agricultural industry, one of the teaching topics could be biopesticide technopreneur  2. Full support of the university management is needed in order to create an effective technopreneur education. For example, Hasanuddin University has a “Teaching Industry Building”, equipped with facilities necessary for innovation and invention of new product.  A section of the facilities are specifically used for developing biopesticide and biopfertilizer.  This is an important step towards the goal of making Hasanuddin University as an “Entrepreneur University”   REFERENCES Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant Pathology. Fifth Edition. Elsevier Academic Press. Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London , New York , Oxford, Paris,  San Diego,  San Francisco,  Singapore,  Sydney,  Tokyo FAO. (1997). Code of conduct for the import and release of exotic biological control agents. Biocontrol  News and Information 18 (4): 119N−124N. Greaves, M.P. (1993) Formulatron of mircrobial herbicides to Improve performance in the field, in Proceedings of 8th EWRS Symposium “Quantitative Approaches in Weed and Herbicide Research and Their Practical Application, ” Braunschweig, Germany, pp. 219-225. Ministry of Indonesian Agriculture. (1995). Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture Number 41I/Kpts/TP.120/6/1995 on Biological Agent Importation into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta (In Indonesian Language). La Daha, Nur Amin & Nurariaty, A. (2012). Endophytic Fungi in Form of Capsul to Control of Cocoa Pod Borer Conophomorpa cramerella on Cocoa Plant. Final Report of National Research Priority in Masterplan of acseleration and Extention of Indonesian Economic Development 2011-2025.    Marrone, P.G.. (2008). Integrated Pest Management (Concept, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies). Cambridge University Press.  Nur Amin; Nurariaty, A;Melina & Nasruddin, A. (2010). Development of Biological Agents. Final Report Enterprenuership Course Development. RAMP IPB - Department of Plant Pests and Diseases. Nur Amin, La Daha & Nasruddin, A. (2011a). Endophytic fungi in Pellet Form For Leaf Borer Oryctes rhinoceros and  Sexava sp. On Palm Oil Plant. Patent Number 00201100017 (In Indonesian Language). Nur Amin, La Daha & Nasruddin, A.  (2011b). Fungal endophyte as Biopesticide and Biofertilizer in Form of  Tablet.  Patent No. 00201100098 (In Indonesian Language). Nur Amin. (2012).  Compost Extract from Organic Waste In Pellet Form for the control of black pod diseases of  Cocoa  Phytophthora palmivora.  Patent Number 00201200440 (In Indonesian Language). Retchelderfer, K (1984) Factors affecting the economic feasibility of the blologtcal control of weeds,  Proceedings of  VI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Delfosse, E. S , ed ), Agr Can Bull , pp. 135-144 Urquhart, E. J & PunJa, Z. K. (1997) Epiphytic growth and survival of Tilletiopsu pallescens, a potential biologlcal control agent of Sphaerotheca jilznea, on cucumber leaves. Canadian Journal  Botani. 75, 892-90 1.    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply thankful to the management of RAMP-IPB for the financial support in  “Enterprenuer Course Development on Biopesticide. I am also indebted to the Minister of Education and Culture for the Hibah Kompetensi research skim    Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper)  ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol.3, No.6, 2013  91 Table 1. Commercially available microbial biopesticides for plant pathogen control  Microorganism Trade Name Disease/pathogen Target Plant Host Pseudomonas syringae ESC 10 Bio-Save® 10LP3 Soft rot (Rhizopus sp.) Potato Bacillus pumilus QST 2808 Ballad® Plus Biofungicide Rust, powdery mildew, brown spot Soybean Bacillus subtilis GB03 Kodiak® Biological Fungicide Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus Cotton, peanut, soybean Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain KRL-AG2 PlantShield® HC Biological Foliar and Root Fungicide Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia Bean, tomato, soybean Bacillus subtilis QST 708 Rhapsody® Bakterial and fungal disease, anthracnose Grasses Trichoderma virens (formerly Gliocladium virens) SoilGard 12G3  Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and root rots Ornamental and food crops in Greenhouse Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain KRL-AG2 T-22™ HC  Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia Vegetables and beans Bacillus pumilus GB34 Yield Shield® Concentrate Biological Fungicide Rhizoctonia and Fusarium  Soybean  Table 2. Chemical biopesticide for plant pathogen control  Trade Name Active Ingredient Manufacturer Disease Target Plant Host Garlic Barrier® Garlic oil Garlic Research Labs, Inc. Brown spots and insects Vegetables, ornamentals, peanut, cucumber, sugar cain, sun flower Green Light®  Neem Concentrate Neem oil  Green Light Company Powdery mildew, rust, anthracnose, and leaf spots Vegetables, fruits, and beans Trilogy® Neem oil Certis USA Alternaria, anthracnose, leaf spots, Botrytis powdery mildew, and rust Fruit crops, cucumber, vegetables, beans, and cotton Actino Iron® Iron Natural Industries, Inc. Soil-borne diseases, damping-off Fiber crops, ornamentals, forest crops ECO E-RASE® Jojoba oil IJO Products, LLC Powdery mildew and whitefly Ornamentals and vegetables SeaCide® Fish oil Omega Protein Inc. Black spot, powdery mildew, and greasy spot Orchids, greenhouse plants Heads Up® Plant Protectant Extract of  Chenopo- dium quinoa saponins  Heads Up Plant Protectants Soil-borne diseases, damping-off Soybean, potato, tomato, beans, and wheat Proud 3™ Thyme oil Bio Huma Netus, Inc. Fungal diseases Ornamental crops     

English

Teaching of Biopesticide Development as a Technoprenuership Opportunity in Plant Protection

Hasanuddin University Repository

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare                                                                www.iiste.org 
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper)  ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 
Vol.3, No.6, 2013 
 
88 
Teaching of Biopesticide Development as a Technoprenuership 
Opportunity in Plant Protection 
 
Nur Amin*  
Department of  Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, 
90245, Indonesia 
* E-mail of the corresponding author : nuramin_62@yahoo.com 
 
The research is financed by RAMP – IPB and Ministry of Education and Culture under the SKIM Hibah 
Kompetensi 
Abstract 
Plant protection is an important and integral part of an agricultural production system. Plant pests and diseases 
can cause yield losses on farm, ranging from 25 – 40% with a value of about US $550 billion worldwide. 
Excessive use of synthetic pesticides has caused detrimental effects on the environment and rendered agricultural 
production system uneconomical.  Therefore, biopesticide is a promising alternative control measures in plant 
protection. This article discusses the teaching of technopreneurship of biopesticide with several topics of 
discussion, including: introduction to and the importance of biopesticide, demonstration of biopesticide 
development, formulation, intellectual right, and commercialization of a new biopesticide product.  
Keywords: Biopesticide, Patent, Technoprenuership, Plant Protection  
 
1. Introduction 
Pests and diseases are important biological limiting factors in plant production system. Yield losses due to 
pests and diseases range from 25 – 40%, worth about US$ 550 billion all over the world, not including the 
losses in storage (Agrios, 2005). The extensive use of synthetic pesticides in 1990’s was unable to provide 
satisfactory solution of the problems. Even some unintended detrimental effects of the pesticide use such as 
pest resistance against pesticides used, death of natural enemies, and agricultural product and environment 
contaminations have become evident.  
Biopesticide is a promising alternative control ammunition in plant protection.  In 2010, growers spent 
approximately US$ 1 billion or about 5% of the total spending on pesticides throughout the world.  There is a 
strong tendency that biopesticide market increases while synthetic pesticide market decreases.  Several 
factors are in favor of biopesticide use, namely: many synthetic pesticides have been withdrawn from the 
market because they were considered harmful to consumers and environment; global trade regulations apply 
low tolerance to synthetic pesticide residue in food products; farm workers are more aware of their safety in 
work place; and consumers’ demand for healthy products increases. In addition, the implementation of the 
integrated pest management enhances the need for safer control measures like biopesticide (Marrone, 2008). 
The growth of biopesticide market opens opportunities for an entrepreneurship in biopesticide commercialization. 
In order to help create new entrepreneurs, university students -especially those who are in the field of plant 
protection- should be taught knowledge and skills in biopesticide development. The teaching materials include 
the introduction and importance of biopesticide, demonstration of biopesticide development, intellectual right 
(patent), quality control, and commercialization.   
 
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOPESTICIDE 
In general, a biopesticide is a pesticide with self-propogating active agent, like parasitoid, predator, and pathogen 
(FAO 1997).  In addition, Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia  defines a 
biopesticide as a pesticide with organism, including species, subspecies, variety of insect, nematode, protozoa, 
fungus, bacterium, virus, micoplasma, and other organisms in all of their life stages that can be used to suppress 
losses due to pests and diseases in all agricultural activities, both on- and off-farms (Ministry of  Agriculture, 
1995) 
Several microbial and biochemical pesticides that are commercially available are listed in Table 1 and  Table 2, 
respectively.   
All biopesticides listed in Table 1 and 2 were developed abroad. In general, effectiveness of a biocontrol agent is 
strongly affected by its environment.  Locally available natural enemies are more desirable in developing a 
biopesticide because they are expected to be more adaptable to the environment where they are going to be used. 
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare                                                                www.iiste.org 
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper)  ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 
Vol.3, No.6, 2013 
 
89 
Therefore, in the Technopreneur class of Biopesticide Development, taught in the department of Plant Protection 
funded by RAMP-IPB, Hasanuddin University, students were introduced to biopesticide development using 
locally available organisms.  In addition, they also learn about the richness of the local biodiversity, including 
organisms that are potential for biopesticide developments (Nur Amin et al, 2010). 
 
DEMONSTRATION OF BIOPESTICIDE DEVELOPMENT 
The main objective the Technoprenuer Class in Biopestisida is to demonstrate the process of a bioinsecticide 
development.  The demonstration is carried out both in the laboratory and field with several steps starting from 
isolation of potential local biocontrol agents, including endophytes, entomopathogen fungi, parasitoid, and 
predator until the marketing of the product. From the teaching activities, several isolates of endophytic fungi 
have been collected from cocoa plants (Nur Amin, et al, 2010). Some of the isolates have been used in the study 
on biopesticide development against under MP3EI Research Scheme funded by the Directorate General of 
Higher Eduction, Ministry of Eduaction and Culture, Republic of Indonesia (La Daha et al, 2012). Field 
demonstration was conducted by visiting local liquid fertilizer companies to stimulate students’ interest in 
starting their own businesses in biopesticide production.  
 
FORMULATION 
One of the main factors that are potential to affect economic feasibility of a biopesticide product is formulation 
technology.  Appropriate formulation can increase product stability and viability that can reduce inconsistency 
of the product in the field.  One of the main constrains that commonly found in developing a new biopesticide 
is inconsistent performance of the product in the field.  Research conducted to find appropriate formulation for 
a given biopesticide usually requires a lot of time (Retchelderfer,1984; Greaves, 1993). Technical and chemical 
compatibility and application method are prerequisite for the success of a new biopesticide product in the 
agricultural industry.  Good formulation can be reflected by the long  product storability.  
Several commonly used biopesticide formulations include granules, pellets, dry powder, and wet powder. 
Granules can protect the active agent from desiccation and also provide basic food for the agent.  Powder is easy 
to apply by suspending it in water and also can cover a wide area of application.  Powder formulation is also 
suitable for seed treatment (Urquhart & Punja, 1997; Nur Amin, 2011a, b). 
 
INTELECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT (PATENT) 
The objective this teaching material is to give an understanding to the students about the importance of the 
intellectual right in the research, development, and innovation in university.  This material describes in details 
the steps of applying for an intellectual right, specifically for a biopesticide product, namely: 1) invention title, 2) 
technical field of the invention, 3) invention background, 4) brief description of the invention, 5) brief 
explanation of the pictures, 6) claims, 8) abstract, and 9) pictures (if applicable) with physical description of the 
invention.  Students are also directed to perform literature search on the web to gather information about patent 
application.  Some of the webs students can visit are: www.uspto.qov (US), www.jpo-miti.go (Japan), 
www.ipaustralia.qov.au (Australia), www.patens1.ic.qc.ca/intro-e.htl (Canada), 
www.european-paten-office.org/espacenet /info/index  (Europe), www.delphion.com (general information). At 
the present time, we have applied for several patents for biopesticides that have been developed in our laboratory. 
(Nur Amin et al, 2011 a, b dan Nur Amin, 2012).   
 
COMMERCIALIZATION (ENTREPRENEURSHIP) 
In this session of teaching activities, students are taught and showed how to make a business plan for 
biopesticide business.  After having comprehensive and thorough understanding of the material, they are asked 
to complete individual assignment of making a business plan. Their business plans are then discussed in the class 
through student presentations in front the class.  Our experiences show that this class assignments effectively 
help students to grasp the important ideas and processes in developing a new biopesticide and its 
commercialization. 
 
IMPORTANT NOTES 
The subject of “Biopesticide Development as an Entrepreneurship Opportunity” has been offered and taught for 
the last three years at the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases.  From this experience, several important 
points are worth noted as follow: 
1. The subject of  Technoprenuer should be offered as inter-university class taught by teaching staffs 
from different universities involved.  The teaching staffs should have experience in technopreneur in 
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare                                                                www.iiste.org 
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper)  ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 
Vol.3, No.6, 2013 
 
90 
different fields of business.  Therefore, the teaching topics can be rotate from year to year.  The 
teaching delivery can be done in the form of video conference.  For agricultural industry, one of the 
teaching topics could be biopesticide technopreneur  
2. Full support of the university management is needed in order to create an effective technopreneur 
education. For example, Hasanuddin University has a “Teaching Industry Building”, equipped with 
facilities necessary for innovation and invention of new product.  A section of the facilities are 
specifically used for developing biopesticide and biopfertilizer.  This is an important step towards the 
goal of making Hasanuddin University as an “Entrepreneur University” 
  
REFERENCES 
Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant Pathology. Fifth Edition. Elsevier Academic Press. Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, 
London , New York , Oxford, Paris,  San Diego,  San Francisco,  Singapore,  Sydney,  Tokyo 
FAO. (1997). Code of conduct for the import and release of exotic biological control agents. 
Biocontrol  News and Information 18 (4): 119N−124N. 
Greaves, M.P. (1993) Formulatron of mircrobial herbicides to Improve performance in the field, in Proceedings 
of 8
th
 EWRS Symposium “Quantitative Approaches in Weed and Herbicide Research and Their Practical 
Application, ” Braunschweig, Germany, pp. 219-225. 
Ministry of Indonesian Agriculture. (1995). Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture Number 
41I/Kpts/TP.120/6/1995 on Biological Agent Importation into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Ministry 
of Agriculture, Jakarta (In Indonesian Language). 
La Daha, Nur Amin & Nurariaty, A. (2012). Endophytic Fungi in Form of Capsul to Control of Cocoa Pod Borer 
Conophomorpa cramerella on Cocoa Plant. Final Report of National Research Priority in Masterplan of 
acseleration and Extention of Indonesian Economic Development 2011-2025.    
Marrone, P.G.. (2008). Integrated Pest Management (Concept, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies). Cambridge 
University Press.  
Nur Amin; Nurariaty, A;Melina & Nasruddin, A. (2010). Development of Biological Agents. Final Report 
Enterprenuership Course Development. RAMP IPB - Department of Plant Pests and Diseases. 
Nur Amin, La Daha & Nasruddin, A. (2011a). Endophytic fungi in Pellet Form For Leaf Borer Oryctes 
rhinoceros and  Sexava sp. On Palm Oil Plant. Patent Number 00201100017 (In Indonesian Language). 
Nur Amin, La Daha & Nasruddin, A.  (2011b). Fungal endophyte as Biopesticide and Biofertilizer in Form of  
Tablet.  Patent No. 00201100098 (In Indonesian Language). 
Nur Amin. (2012).  Compost Extract from Organic Waste In Pellet Form for the control of black pod diseases of  
Cocoa  Phytophthora palmivora.  Patent Number 00201200440 (In Indonesian Language). 
Retchelderfer, K (1984) Factors affecting the economic feasibility of the blologtcal control of weeds,  
Proceedings of  VI International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Delfosse, E. S , ed ), Agr Can 
Bull , pp. 135-144 
Urquhart, E. J & PunJa, Z. K. (1997) Epiphytic growth and survival of Tilletiopsu pallescens, a potential 
biologlcal control agent of Sphaerotheca jilznea, on cucumber leaves. Canadian Journal  Botani. 75, 892-90 1. 
 
 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
I am deeply thankful to the management of RAMP-IPB for the financial support in  “Enterprenuer Course 
Development on Biopesticide. I am also indebted to the Minister of Education and Culture for the Hibah 
Kompetensi research skim 
 
  
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare                                                                www.iiste.org 
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper)  ISSN 2225-093X (Online) 
Vol.3, No.6, 2013 
 
91 
Table 1. Commercially available microbial biopesticides for plant pathogen control 
 
Microorganism Trade Name Disease/pathogen Target Plant Host 
Pseudomonas syringae 
ESC 10 
Bio-Save® 10LP3 Soft rot (Rhizopus sp.) Potato 
Bacillus pumilus QST 2808 Ballad® Plus Biofungicide Rust, powdery mildew, 
brown spot 
Soybean 
Bacillus subtilis GB03 Kodiak® Biological 
Fungicide 
Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, 
Alternaria, Aspergillus 
Cotton, peanut, 
soybean 
Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 
strain KRL-AG2 
PlantShield® HC Biological 
Foliar and Root Fungicide 
Fusarium, Pythium, and 
Rhizoctonia 
Bean, tomato, 
soybean 
Bacillus subtilis QST 708 Rhapsody® Bakterial and fungal 
disease, anthracnose 
Grasses 
Trichoderma virens (formerly 
Gliocladium virens) 
SoilGard 12G3 
 
Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and 
root rots 
Ornamental and 
food crops in 
Greenhouse 
Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 
strain KRL-AG2 
T-22™ HC 
 
Fusarium, Pythium, and 
Rhizoctonia 
Vegetables and 
beans 
Bacillus pumilus GB34 Yield Shield® Concentrate 
Biological Fungicide 
Rhizoctonia and Fusarium 
 
Soybean 
 
Table 2. Chemical biopesticide for plant pathogen control 
 
Trade Name 
Active 
Ingredient 
Manufacturer Disease Target Plant Host 
Garlic Barrier® Garlic oil Garlic Research 
Labs, Inc. 
Brown spots and insects Vegetables, 
ornamentals, peanut, 
cucumber, sugar cain, 
sun flower 
Green Light®  
Neem Concentrate 
Neem oil 
 
Green Light 
Company 
Powdery mildew, rust, 
anthracnose, and leaf spots 
Vegetables, fruits, and 
beans 
Trilogy® Neem oil Certis USA Alternaria, anthracnose, 
leaf spots, Botrytis 
powdery mildew, and rust 
Fruit crops, 
cucumber, vegetables, 
beans, and cotton 
Actino Iron® Iron Natural 
Industries, Inc. 
Soil-borne diseases, 
damping-off 
Fiber crops, 
ornamentals, forest 
crops 
ECO E-RASE® Jojoba oil IJO Products, 
LLC 
Powdery mildew and 
whitefly 
Ornamentals and 
vegetables 
SeaCide® Fish oil Omega Protein 
Inc. 
Black spot, powdery 
mildew, and greasy spot 
Orchids, greenhouse 
plants 
Heads Up® Plant 
Protectant 
Extract of  
Chenopo- 
dium quinoa 
saponins  
Heads Up Plant 
Protectants 
Soil-borne diseases, 
damping-off 
Soybean, potato, 
tomato, beans, and 
wheat 
Proud 3™ Thyme oil Bio Huma Netus, 
Inc. 
Fungal diseases Ornamental crops 
 
 
  


http://repository.unhas.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/11076/5686-7795-1-PB.pdf?sequence=1

Teaching of Biopesticide Development as a Technoprenuership Opportunity in Plant Protection

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