There many archipelagic state such as Japan, Indonesia and other countries. Indonesia consists of thousands of islands where many peoples live in the low land area, the distant and isolated islands that lack of clean water or fresh water and mountain sand or river sand.Transporting the fresh water or clean water and mountain\ud
aggregates or river aggregates for concrete production to the low land area, the distant and isolated islands will make the price of concrete work becomes more expensive. In order to overcome the problem of shortage of clean water and fine aggregate in the low land area, the distant island, and saving the fresh water over the world, this research seeks to use sea water and sea sand to produce concrete. In order to overcoming the continuous dumping of waste material, this research also uses semen containing wasted material such as fly ash. This research is a part of ongoing investigation that\ud
focuses to study the mix design), mechanical properties (compressive strength-modulus elasticity), porosity, and curing method in order to achieve an optimum correlation between sea water, marine sand, cement, river or mountain coarse\ud
aggregate in production of high performance concrete. Furthermore, it is important to conduct research on utilization of sea water, whose percentage is 97% of the total water on the earth, as an effort for improving the technology of saving fresh water

Hamada, H.

Irmawaty, R.

Sagawa, Y.

Tjaronge, M.W.

Hasanuddin University Repository

 798 
 
 
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts  
(APAC 2013) Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26, 2013 
 
 
 
INFLUENCE OF THE CURING METHOD ON COMPRSSIVE STRENGTH AND  
POROSITY OF CONCRETE MIXED WITH SEA WATER,  
MARINE SAND AND FLY ASH 
 
M.W.Tjaronge
1
, H. Hamada
2
,R. Irmawaty
3
 and Y. Sagawa
4
 
 
 
ABSTRACT: There many archipelagic state such as Japan, Indonesia and other countries. Indonesia consists of 
thousands of islands where many peoples live in the low land area, the distant and isolated islands that lack of clean 
water or fresh water and mountain sand or river sand.Transporting the fresh water or clean water and mountain 
aggregates or river aggregates for concrete production to the low land area, the distant and isolated islands will make 
the price of concrete work becomes more expensive. In order to overcome the problem of shortage of clean water and 
fine aggregate in the low land area, the distant island, and saving the fresh water over the world, this research seeks to 
use sea water and sea sand to produce concrete. In order to overcoming the continuous dumping of waste material, this 
research also uses semen containing wasted material such as fly ash. This research is a part of ongoing investigation that 
focuses to study the mix design), mechanical properties (compressive strength-modulus elasticity), porosity,  and curing 
method in order to achieve an optimum correlation between sea water, marine sand, cement, river or mountain coarse 
aggregate in production of high performance concrete. Furthermore, it is important to conduct research on utilization of 
sea water, whose percentage is 97% of the total water on the earth, as an effort for improving the technology of saving 
fresh water. 
 
Keywords: Sea water, marine sand, fly ash, compressive strength, modulus elasticity, porosity. 
 
 
                                                 
1 Civil Engineeering Department, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan km. 10, Makassar, 90245, INDONESIA 
2 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku,  Fukuoaka, 819-0395, JAPAN 
3 Civil Engineeering Department, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan km. 10, Makassar, 90245, INDONESIA 
4 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku,  Fukuoaka, 819-0395, JAPAN 
INTRODUCTION 
Now days many countries face the crisis of growing 
water scarcity, and if current situations continue, in 2015, 
approximately of 605 million people will continue to use 
unimproved source to meet their drinking water needs 
and 2.4 billion people would remain without access to 
basic level of sanitation (UN Water GLASS, 2012). 
Globally, concrete industry uses several billion tons of 
water annually for mixing water, curing water and 
cleaning water, while the utilization of sea water in 
concrete industry is inhibited. It is important to conduct 
researh on utilization of sea water, whose percentage is 
97% of the total water on the earth, as an effort for 
improving the technology of saving fresh water.  
Marine aggregates are suitable for ready mixed 
concrete, fill material and the others construction work, 
therefore it can be used to secure the aggregate supply 
for construction works. A number of countries have been 
using sea sand as construction material for substitution 
of mountain material and river sand, with taking into 
account the inevitable impact of marine aggregate 
mining and extraction on the marine biodiversity 
environment preservation (David R. Hitchcock and 
Steve Be, 2004). 
There many archipelagic state such as Japan, 
Indonesia and other countries. Indonesia consists of 
thousands of islands where many peoples live in the 
distant and isolated islands that lack of clean water or 
fresh water and mountain sand or river sand. 
Transporting the fresh water or clean water and 
mountain aggregate or river for concrete production to 
the distant and isolated islands will make the price of 
concrete work becomes more expensive. In order to 
overcome the problem of shortage of clean water and 
fine aggregate in distant island, and saving the fresh 
water over the world, this research seeks to use sea water 
and sea sand to produce concrete.  
This research is a part of ongoing investigation that 
focuses to study the mix design, workability (slump, 
segregation), mechanical properties (compressive 
strength-modulus elasticity), porosity, and curing 
method in order to achieve an optimum correlation 
between sea water, sea sand, cement, coarse aggregate in 
production of high performance concrete. In order to 
overcoming the continuous dumping of waste material, 
this research also uses semen containing wasted material 
such as fly ash (Secondary Cementitious Materials, 
SCMs), etc. 
 
M.W. Tjaronge , et al. 
 
799 
 
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND MATERIAL 
 
Concrete Mixtures and Materials 
There were two concrete mixtures. The first mixture 
used sea water with chloride content of 0.522 mol/liter as 
mixing water. This mixture was cured in the sea water, 
and in the air. The second mixture was mixture control 
that used fresh water (the tap water) as mixing water and 
cured in the fresh water. All concrete mixtures used sea 
sand that has been cleaned from the chloride content, a 
type of ordinary portland cement and fly ash type B. The 
ordinary portland cement and fly ash type B meet the 
requirements of JIS R 5210 (Portland Cement) and JIS R 
5213 ( Fly Ash Cement), respectively. Table 1 and 2 
show the physical properties of coarse aggregates and 
the mixes design of concrete. The specific gravity 
(saturated surface dry), water absorption, and fine 
modulus of sea sand were 2.55, 1.82% and 2.77, 
respectively.  
 
Table 1 Physical properties of coarse aggregates 
 
Table 2.Mixes design of concrete (in 1000 litre) 
 
Curing Methods 
There are three curing methods  used in this study, 
curing in the fresh water, curing in the sea water and 
curing in the air (temperature 200C, 60 RH). The 
specimens of compressive strength-elasticity and 
porosity were cured in the fresh water, cured in the sea 
water and cured in the air until the testing time.  
 
Testing Methods for Compressive strength and static 
modulus of concrete  
Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were 
tested with according to JIS A 1108 (Method of test for 
compressive strength of concrete) and JIS A 1149 
(Method of test for static modulus of concrete), 
respectively. The dimension of specimen is 100 mm in 
diameter and 200 mm in height of cylinder. 
 
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) 
The pore size distribution was determined by 5-mm-
thick samples cutting from identically produced and 
cured cylinders specimens . The fragments were dipped 
into the acetone for 15 min, and then dried in the vacuum 
desiccator for 2 days. The pressure of MIP ranges from 0 
to 35,000 psi (241 MPa). The Hg surface tension of 485 
dynes/cm and a contact angle of 130o were used in the 
Washburn equation to convert applied pressure to pore 
diameter. The pore width corresponding to the highest 
rate of mercury intrusion per change in pressure is 
known as the “threshold” pore width. After achieving 
this highest rate of intrusion, mercury has been shown to 
penetrate the interior of the specimen. 
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
Compressive strength results 
Table 3 shows the compressive strength result. Table 
4 shows the elasticity of concrete. All of the mixtures 
met the requirement of strength of 30 MPa at 28 days. 
The test results of concrete strength at 28 days and 91 
days showed that the concrete compressive strength and 
elasticity increased in the all curing methods but the rate 
of increase was different for each curing method. 
Concrete compressive strength of the air curing method 
was the lowest. Compressive strength of concrete with 
cured in the seawater can achieve the same compressive 
strength of concrete that cured in the fresh water. 
 
Table 3 Compressive strength 
 
 
Table 4 Static modulus of concrete 
 
 
Property Crushed 
stone 1 
(CS1) 
Crusehd 
stone 2 
(CS2) 
Diameter 10-20 (mm) 5-10 (mm) 
Specific 
gravity 
Oven dry 2.89 2.89 
Saturated 
surface dry 
2.91 2.91 
Water absorption 0.62 0.62 
Name Water 
(w) 
Cement 
(c) 
FA sand Crushed 
stone 
Tap Water 
Normal 1 
160 81 29 274 411 
Tap Water  
Normal 2 
160.2 81 29 309 376 
Sea water 165 84 30 305 372 
Days Compressive strength (MPa) 
Normal 
Curing 1 
Normal 
Curing 2 
Sea 
water 
curing 
Air  
curing 
28 37.93 38.62 38.71 32.24 
91 48.91 51.91 51.48 42.12 
Days Static modulus of concrete  (MPa) 
Normal 
Curing 1 
Normal 
Curing 2 
Sea 
water 
curing 
Air  
curing 
28 33,522 33,627 34,054 33,052 
91 40,428 43,264 38,708 35,553 
 
Influence of the Curing Method on Comprssive Strength and  Porosity of Concrete Mixed With Sea Water 
800 
 
(a) 28 days                                                                                     (b) 91days 
Fig.1 Porosity (Normal curing 1) 
 
 
.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(a) 28 days                                                                                     (b) 91days 
Fig.2 Porosity (Normal curing 2) 
(a) 28 days                                                                                     (b) 91days 
Fig.3 Porosity (Sea water curing) 
(a) 28 days                                                                                     (b) 91days 
Fig.4 Porosity (Air curing) 
 
M.W. Tjaronge , et al. 
 
801 
 
 
Result of Porosity Tests 
Figure 1 to Figure 4 show the Mercury Intrusion 
Porosimetry test results.  The number of porosity at 28 
and 91 days showed the porosity decreased with the 
curing period in the all curing methods but the rate of 
decrease was different for each curing method. Porosity 
of concrete with cured in the air was the highest.  
Concrete that cured in sea water had the lowest amount 
of porosity. 
At the air curing, seawater used for mixing quickly 
evaporates causing the hydration process was not going 
well that made a lot of pores within the concrete 
specimen. Seawater and cement particles performed 
optimally the hydration process when cured in the sea 
water, same phenomenon with the fresh water curing, an 
optimum hydration process was performed between 
fresh water and cement particles. 
When sea water is used in concrete mixing, some 
part of chlorides in seawater becomes bound to the solid 
matrix. The bounding chloride is called Friedel`s salt, it 
fill the microvoids and decrease the total numbers of 
voids, resulting in the lower porosity within the concrete 
specimens than the concrete specimens that were used 
fresh water as mixing water and were cured in the fresh 
water. The interim results showed that the lower porosity 
within concrete specimens when cured in seawater did 
not give more effect for the compressive strength and 
porosity when compared to the concrete specimen that 
used fresh water for both of mixing and curing. 
 
CONCLUDING REMARKS 
The interim result showed that sea water can be used 
as mixing water of concrete and concrete curing water. 
After removed from the mold, concrete using sea water 
as mixing water can be cured in the sea to ensure the 
hydration process doing well, and to inhibit many pores 
and cracks occur within the concrete if it is in the air 
curing. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 The research was carried out by the funding from 
Hasanuddin University Engineering Faculty 
Development Project (Short Term Research Scholarship 
Program). Most of the research work was conducted in 
the Concrete Laboratory, Civil and Structural 
Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Influence of the curing method on compressive strength and porosity of concrete mixed with sea water, marine sand and fly ash

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