Beam diagnostics in future high-energy accelerators will require long lived instrumentation in highly hostile radiation environments. A research program aiming at individuating new solutions and testing them under extreme operational conditions has been launched at CERN in the framework of developments for the LHC instrumentation. Its outcome might be used in future accelerator projects, in industry or in physics applications. The detectors which will be adopted for the LHC luminosity monitoring and optimization will be installed close to or inside copper absorbers specifically designed for radiation protection of the accelerator magnetic elements in the interaction regions. These detectors will have to withstand extreme radiation levels and their long-term operation has to be assured without requiring human intervention. Polycrystalline-CdTe detectors have demonstrated their radiation hardness against extreme doses of X-ray exposure in the LEP collider and are considered as good candidates for LHC luminosity monitoring applications. After recalling a series of measurements obtained on CdTe samples exposed to different sources to study their time response and sensitivity we present results on their performance after irradiation at doses of 10^16 neutrons/cm^2. This is a preliminary step in the program intended to test the samples during and after irradiation up to levels of 10^18 neutrons/cm^2 and 10^16 protons/cm^2 comparable to those anticipated at the detector locations over ten years of operation of the accelerator

Brambilla, A

Cindro, V

Gschwendtner, E

Mikuz, M

Mongellaz, F

Moritz, P

Placidi, Massimo

Rossa, E

Schmickler, Hermann

Verger, L

CERN Document Server

EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCHCERN    SL DIVISIONGeneva, SwitzerlandJanuary, 2002CERN SL-2002-001  BIFast Polycrystalline-CdTe Detector for LHCLuminosity MeasurementsE. Rossa, E. Gschwendtner, M. Placidi, H. Schmickler, CERN, Geneva, CHA. Brambilla, F. Mongellaz, L. Verger, LETI, Grenoble, FRV. Cindro, M. Mikuz, JSI, Ljubljana, SLP. Moritz, GSI, Darmstadt, DEAbstractBeam diagnostics in future high-energy accelerators will require long lived instrumentation in highly hostileradiation environments. A research program aiming at individuating new solutions and testing them under extremeoperational conditions has been launched at CERN in the framework of developments for the LHC instrumentation. Itsoutcome might be used in future accelerator projects, in industry or in physics applications. The detectors which will beadopted for the LHC luminosity monitoring and optimization will be installed close to or inside copper absorbersspecifically designed for radiation protection of the accelerator magnetic elements in the interaction regions. Thesedetectors will have to withstand extreme radiation levels and their long-term operation has to be assured withoutrequiring human intervention. Polycrystalline-CdTe detectors have demonstrated their radiation hardness againstextreme doses of X-ray exposure in the LEP collider and are considered as good candidates for LHC luminositymonitoring applications. After recalling a series of measurements obtained on CdTe samples exposed to differentsources to study their time response and sensitivity we present results on their performance after irradiation at doses of10^16 neutrons/cm^2. This is a preliminary step in the program intended to test the samples during and after irradiationup to levels of 10^18 neutrons/cm^2 and 10^16 protons/cm^2 comparable to those anticipated at the detector locationsover ten years of operation of the accelerator.Submitted to IEEE Nuclear Symposium and Medical Imaging ConferenceSan Diego, CA, USA - November 4-10, 2001       Abstract-- Beam diagnostics in future high-energy accelerators will require long lived instrumentation in highly hostile radiation environments. A research program aiming at individuating new solutions and testing them under extreme operational conditions has been launched at CERN in the framework of developments for the LHC instrumentation. Its outcome might be used in future accelerator projects, in industry or in physics applications. The detectors which will be adopted for the LHC luminosity monitoring and optimization will be installed close to or inside copper absorbers specifically designed for radiation protection of the accelerator magnetic elements in the interaction regions. These detectors will have to withstand extreme radiation levels and their long-term operation has to be assured without requiring human intervention. Polycrystalline-CdTe detectors have demonstrated their radiation hardness against extreme doses of X-ray exposure in the LEP collider and are considered as good candidates for LHC luminosity monitoring applications. After recalling a series of measurements obtained on CdTe samples exposed to different sources to study their time response and sensitivity we present results on their performance after irradiation at doses of 1016 neutrons/cm2. This is a preliminary step in the program intended to test the samples during and after irradiation up to levels of 1018 neutrons/cm2 and 1016 protons/cm2 comparable to those anticipated at the detector locations over ten years of operation of the accelerator.                                                                  E. Rossa is with CERN, CH-1211, Geneva 23 (e-mail: Edouard.Rossa@cern.ch).  E. Gschwendtner is with CERN, CH-1211, Geneva 23 (e-mail: Edda.Gschwendtner@cern.ch).  M. Placidi is with CERN, CH-1211, Geneva 23 (e-mail: Massimo.Placidi@cern.ch). H. Schmickler is with CERN, CH-1211, Geneva 23 (e-mail: Hermann.Schmickler@cern.ch). A. Brambilla is with LETI, Grenoble, France (e-mail: andrea.brambilla@.cea.fr). F. Mongellaz is with LETI, Grenoble, France (e-mail: francois.mongellaz@.cea.fr). L. Verger is with LETI, Grenoble, France (e-mail: loick.verger@cea.fr). V. Cindro is with JSI Ljubljana, Slovenia (e-mail: Vladimir.Cindro@ijs.si). M. Mikuz is with JSI Ljubljana, Slovenia (e-mail: Marko.Mikuz@ijs.si). P. Moritz is with GSI Germany  (e-mail: P.Moritz@gsi.de).  I. INTRODUCTION The possibility of using the forward flux of neutral secondary particles produced at each proton-proton collision in the LHC Interaction Points (IP) has been suggested in [1]. This flux carries information about the interaction rates and the actual luminosity available to the experimental detectors. TAS and TAN absorbers are installed at both sides of the high luminosity IP’s (IP1 and IP5) to protect the super-conducting accelerator elements from quenches caused by deposited energy from this flux. The hadronic and electromagnetic showers initiated in the absorbers are proportional to the collision rate and can be exploited with an appropriate detector for a continuous monitoring and optimization of the LHC luminosity. A bunch-by-bunch luminosity measurement, as required for the continuous optimization of the LHC operation, involves a 40 MHz detection speed in order to cope with the 25 ns time interval between successive proton-proton collisions at each Interaction Point (IP).  The extremely high environmental radiation doses associated with the operation of the accelerator in IP1 and IP5 (up to108 Gy/year at the LHC design luminosity) impose the adoption of radiation hard detectors materials. In addition, their operation should not require any human intervention for maintenance and/or repair.  Detector sensitivities must allow a reasonably high signal to noise ratio (S/N) in order to provide separation of multiple- from single-events per bunch interaction.  II. POLYCRYSTALLINE-CDTE DETECTORS X-ray detectors based on Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) photo-conductors have been used to monitor the vertical emittance of the LEP beams [2]. This material has proven to withstand hard X-ray doses up to 1014 Gy in a 2 keV to 1 MeV energy range. Ionizing particles traversing the semiconductor material create electron-hole pairs along their trajectory and a charge flow will develop across the detector as a bias voltage is applied.    Fast Polycrystalline-CdTe Detectors  for LHC Luminosity Measurements  E. Rossa, E. Gschwendtner, M. Placidi, H. Schmickler, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland  A. Brambilla, F. Mongellaz, L. Verger, LETI, Grenoble, France V. Cindro, M. Mikuz, JSI, Ljubljana, Slovenia  P. Moritz, GSI, Darmstadt, Germany  LETI laboratories [3] have developed polycrystalline CdTe detectors up to 700 µm thick and with decay times of a few ns. These devices are presently considered, together with radiation hard ionization chambers developed at LBNL [4], for application as luminosity monitors for the LHC as their fast response meets the detection speed requirements mentioned above. CdTe pixel detector arrays are of great interest in Muon Beams Diagnostics [5] as well as in Medical and Industrial imaging [6], and Space instrumentation.  The samples used for the present characterization consist of polycrystalline CdTe elements (typically 8 mm x 8 mm surface, 300 µm thick) with a gold electrode on each side. The physical properties of some semiconductors used in particle detector techniques are summarized in Table 1. A Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP) creates about 5x104 electron-hole pairs in a 300 µm thick CdTe detector. For comparison, about 5.3x104 electron-hole pairs are created in GaAs-detectors of the same thickness, 3.22x104 in Si and 1.44x104 in Diamond.   TABLE  1: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARGE CREATION PER MIP FOR SOME TYPICAL SEMI-CONDUCTING MATERIALS USED IN PARTICLE DETECTION  TECHNIQUES. III. PULSE CHARACTERISTICS The response of a CdTe polycristalline detector to MIP was measured with a 2.2 MeV 90Sr beta-source. The experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1.  Fig. 1.  Experimental set-up for the measurement of the response to MIP The detector is connected via a 50 ohms cable to a 3 MHz - 2.3 GHz bandwidth fast linear preamplifier and to a digital oscilloscope. The signal of the detector is triggered by a silicon detector in order to reject the pulses corresponding to the low energy particles of the 90Sr source. A typical pulse shape of the source is shown in Fig. 2, from which a promising S/N ratio can be derived.  Fig. 2. Typical pulse shape of  90Sr electrons. The noise level is well below the signal level.   The large pulse amplitude, comparable to the response of a silicon detector, is significative of a high mobility combined with the large applied electric field. Due to the poor transport properties of holes in this kind of material the main contribution to the measured transient signal is given by the collection of electrons. Assuming the electron mobility µe and the distribution of the applied electric field Eb are uniform across the thickness l of the detector, the transient  properties are defined by the time dependence n(t) of the electrons and the bias voltage Vb= l Eb  be EµltentI )()( =              (1)  Considering an initial charge equivalent to 170 electron-hole pairs/µm for a MIP, the electron mobility can be deduced from the amplitude of the current pulse. For CdTe polycrystalline detectors the mobility is found to be in the 400-700 cm2/V/s range, while it reaches 1000 cm2/V/s for a single-crystal CdTe structure. The pulse shape is essentially governed by the time dependence of the number of charged in the sample. For a uniform generated charge distribution across the detector thickness we have:  etb etlµEntn τ−−= 1)( 0          (2)  where the exponential factor corresponds to the finite carrier lifetime τe. In practice the time behavior of the pulse can differ from this simple description if, for example, the charge mobility or the electric field are not uniform across  50 ohms cable A= 100 DigitalOscilloscopeBeam CdTESi TriggerBias voltage  the detector thickness. The carrier lifetime deduced from these measurements is typically 2.5 ns, leading to a pulse duration far below the 25 ns time interval between consecutive bunch crossings at the LHC interaction points. The  product µτe reaches a comfortable value in the range of  1.7x10-6 cm2/V. IV. DETECTOR  SENSITIVITY The detectors were exposed to a 90Sr source in order to measure the sensitivity of the material. For this purpose close to the detector, a classical charge sensitive amplifier with a shaping time of 2 µs was used. The set-up is described in details in [7]. Well above 104 electrons per incident particle were detected for 470 µm thick detector [8] [9]. This was a very encouraging result, unfortunately the charge sensitive preamplifier must be used very close to the detector to obtain good signal to noise ratio. Such electronic  cannot withstand extreme radiation level.  Therefore we have done a beam test using  the set-up of  Fig. 1. The detector was connected with few meters of 50 ohms cable trough AC coupling to the (2.3 GHz-50 ohms) linear amplifier [10].  The amplifier gain was about 100. The amplified detector current  was analysed on-line with a digital oscilloscope triggered by a coincidence signal of  2 detectors in  the beam. Test results with 120 GeV pion beam are shown in Fig. 3  where the average number of electrons collected per incident  particle is given as a function of  applied electric field.    Fig. 3: Display of the charges collection measured with 120 GeV pion beam as a function of applied electric field. The detector thickness is 470 µm.     V.  RADIATION RESISTANCE TESTS A first irradiation campaign up to 1015 n/cm2 was performed at a reactor in Valduc, France. No significant modification in the sensitivity of the CdTe detector was observed [8]. More recent irradiation tests were undertaken at a TRIGA-type research reactor in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The detectors were connected to the digital oscilloscope via 10 m long, SiO2-isolated, 50 Ohm stainless steel cables. The CdTe detector picture of Fig. 4 shows the 16 mm diameter sample assembled in its support and mechanically hold in place by a Beryllium-Copper spring .  The detector response was monitored during the irradiation by measuring the signal induced by the high energy gamma-ray flux present in the reactor. The electronic set-up used for the measurement is identical to the one described in section III. Due to the random energy deposition of the gamma rays in the detector absolute calibration of the pulse amplitude could not be performed. However the time dependency of the measured pulses is representative of the response to MIP.      Fig 4.  One of the CdTe detectors used in the irradiation tests campaign shown assembled in its support.   As the decay time is governed by the carrier lifetime, it is the only parameter of the output signal which qualifies the detector in terms of radiation resistance of its rapidity. The front-end rise time is only determined by the rapidity of the electronics involved in the tests (cables, amplifier, oscilloscope) and does not enter in the sample characterization procedure.   As shown in Fig. 5 the decay time of the current signal appears unaffected by a neutron irradiation up to a 1016 neutron/cm2 level.     Fig. 5.  Pulse shape of the current from the CdTe sample before and after neutron irradiation.   More insight into the velocity dependence of the CdTe sample on the neutron exposure is given in Fig. 6. The pulse decay-time shows a slow and a fast component practically identical before and after irradiation.   Fig. 6.  The fast and slow components of the current pulse decay-time for a 300 µm polycrystalline-CdTe sample before and after irradiation.  Other parameters like the amplitude of the dark current, for a given bias voltage normalized to the thickness of the sample, are of great importance to qualify the radiation hardness of the detector to meet the criteria dictated by the specific use as the sensitive component of the LHC luminosity monitor. At present no further measurement has been perfomed due to the strong activation of the material present in the detector housing. The response to MIP will be measured as soon as the activity has decreased to acceptable levels. VI. OUTLOOK We have presented the results of measurements intended to qualify polycrystalline-CdTe detectors for possible application in the monitoring of the LHC luminosity. The time response of 300 µm thick polycrystalline-CdTe samples to a sub-nanosecond laser source showed a FWHM pulse width of a few nanoseconds adequate for the 40 MHz acquisition rate required by the 25 ns time interval between successive proton-proton collisions at the LHC.  A sensitivity in excess of 104 collected electrons per incident MIP was measured with a 300 V polarizing voltage. This will generate signal amplitudes easily measurable after a fast 50 Ohm preamplifier.  Preliminary irradiation tests up to 1016 neutrons/cm2 have demonstrated no significant modifications in the sensitivity or in the decay-times of the current pulse.   Irradiation tests at 1018 neutrons/cm2 are in preparation.  VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their appreciation for the participation in the preparation of the detectors and advice in the realization of the measurements to G. Rumen,    M. Magnat and S. Renet from LETI and to  J.-P. Bindi, G.Burtin, S. Hutchins and P. Legros from CERN.   VIII. REFERENCES [1] W.C. Turner, "Instrumentation for the Absorbers in the Low-beta Insertions of the LHC," LBNL-42180, Aug. 1988. [2] R. Jones et al., “Real time display of the vertical beam sizes in LEP using the BEXE X-ray detector and fast VME-based computers”, Proc. DIPAC’99, Daresbury, UK, 16-18 May, 1999. [3] LETI (Laboratoire d’Electronique, de Technologie et d’Instrumentation), CEA, F38054 Grenoble Cedex, France. [4] W.C. Turner et al., “Development of a detector for bunch by bunch measurement and optimization of luminosity in the LHC”, NIM A 461 (2001) 107-110. [5] M. Placidi, E. Rossa, H. Schmickler, “A CdTe Detector for Muon Transverse Profile Measurements”, CERN-NUFACT-Note 068, Feb. 2001. [6] C. Scheiber, “CdTe and CdZnTe detectors in nuclear medecine”, NIM A 448 (2000) 513-524. [7] D. Meier, “CVD Diamond Sensors for Particle Detection and Tracking”, PhD Thesis, CERN. [8] E. Rossa et al, " CdTe photoconductors for LHC luminosity monitoring" http://documents.cern.ch/archive/electronic/cern/preprints/sl/sl-2000-068.pdf [9] E. Rossa et al., “New Development of a Radiation Hard Polycrystalline CdTe Detector for LHC Luminosity Monitoring”, Proc. DIPAC’01, Grenoble, France, 13-15 May, 2001. [10] Ingenieurbüro Horst Walter; email: horst.walter@ing.twinwave.net        

Fast Polycrystalline-CdTe Detectors for LHC Luminosity Measurements

Fast Polycrystalline-CdTe Detectors for LHC Luminosity Measurements

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

CERN Document Server