The marine “pejerrey” Odontesthes argentinensis is a valuable marine fish resource in Southern South America, and its culture is considered promising. Several
aspects related to the culture of O. argentinensis have been studied and the objective of this work is to review the techniques currently available for reproduction, incubation, larviculture and fingerling production

Sampaio, Luís André Nassr de

English

Repositório Institucional  Universidade Federal do Rio Grande

Symposium: BIOLOGY AND CULTURE OF SILVERSIDES (PEJERREYES)Production of “pejerrey” Odontesthes argentinensis fingerlings: Areview of current techniquesLUÍS ANDRÉ SAMPAIOFundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Departamento de Oceanografia, Laboratório de Maricultura, Caixa Postal474. 96.201-900 - Rio Grande, RS, Brasil.Key words: aquaculture, reproduction, larviculture, AtherinopsidaeBIOCELL2006, 30(1): 121-123ISSN 0327 - 9545PRINTED IN ARGENTINAAddress correspondence to: Luís André Sampaio. FundaçaoUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande, Departamento deOceanografia, Laboratório de Maricultura, Caixa Postal 474,CEP 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, BRASIL.Fax: (+55-53) 3236-8042. E-mail: sampaio@mikrus.com.brReceived on December 27, 2004. Accepted on June 1, 2005.The marine “pejerrey” Odontesthes argentinensisis a valuable marine fish resource in Southern SouthAmerica, and its culture is considered promising. Sev-eral aspects related to the culture of O. argentinensishave been studied and the objective of this work is toreview the techniques currently available for reproduc-tion, incubation, larviculture and fingerling production.ReproductionO. argentinensis is a partial spawner, its breedingseason extends from late winter to the end of spring.The eggs, which average 2 mm in diameter and haveseveral attachment filaments, are laid in entangledclutches. Fecundity is low, a 300 g female spawns lessthan 5,000 eggs per spawning. Fertilized eggs can beobtained: (1) from the wild; (2) through artificial fer-tilization of wild captured brookstock; or (3) from natu-ral spawning of captive broodstock.(1) Egg clutches stick to substrates available in thesea (fishing nets, shells, wood sticks), giving the ma-rine pejerrey the possibility to have its eggs launched tothe coast, where they lay in the sand and are exposed tothe air (Phonlor and Vinagre, 1989), a unique charac-teristic among the Southern West Atlantic coast fish.These eggs remain viable for 3-4 days and they can beeasily collected by hand, taken to the hatchery and in-cubated, providing an ample source of larvae.(2) Wild broodstock are captured by beach seineand carefully stocked into holding tanks, where they arekept until arriving in the hatchery. Artificial fertiliza-tion can also be done in the field, and in this case theeggs are transported to the hatchery in small bucketswith sea water. In the hatchery, fish are immediatelysexed and gametes are hand stripped. No hormonal in-duction is used for ovulation, as only naturally ovulatedfemales are selected for artificial fertilization. Milt fromtwo males is collected in a syringe and the ova are re-leased into a bowl, the spermatozoa are activated with afew drops of sea water immediately before it is addedto the ova. The newly fertilized eggs are washed withrunning sea water and taken to the incubation room.The fertilization rate is influenced by the salinityof the spawning media. Fertilization is hampered in freshwater, in salinities of 5‰ the fertilization rate achievesonly 12%, but between 10 and 30‰ the fertilizationrate averages 90% (Sampaio, 1992).LUÍS ANDRÉ SAMPAIO122(3) Pejerrey born in captivity were reared outdoorsduring 18 months. One group of fish was transferred tothe laboratory and stocked into a one ton circular tank.After a couple of months, naturally fertilized eggs wereobtained on a daily basis. During the spawning period,water temperature was 23-24°C, salinity ranged between30 and 34‰, and the photoperiod was set to 14 hours oflight and 10 hours of darkness.IncubationThe embryonic development of O. argentinensis isslow, depending on the temperature and the salinity lar-vae will take from 10 up to 16 days to hatch. Time forhatching is inversely proportional to the temperature,eggs maintained at 18°C take 16 days to hatch, and thosekept at 26°C will hatch 13 days after the fertilization.The hatching rate at 26°C is about 55%, higher hatch-ing rates are observed at lower temperatures (18-23°C)reaching 80-100% depending on the quality of indi-vidual batches (Sampaio, 1992; Sampaio and Pisseti,2001).The effects of salinity on O. argentinensis eggs re-semble those on fertilization. The hatching rates for eggsincubated at salinities between 10 and 30‰ are above90%, but the hatching rate decreases to 70% in low sa-linity water (5‰). The negative effect of low salinitywater was probably more pronounced up to two daysafter the fertilization, as no further deaths were observedamong embryos that survived this period (Sampaio,1992).Considering the results of the studies describedabove, it is recommended that incubation of O.argentinensis eggs should be carried out at 23°C in seawater (30‰).Larviculture and Fingerling ProductionNotochord length at hatching is between 7-8 mm,at this point larvae are already well formed, with pig-mented eyes and a functional digestive tract, allowingthem to prey directly on Artemia nauplii, thus dispens-ing the labour intensive culture of rotifers (Phonlor andVinagre, 1989).Larvae will die of starvation 12 days after hatchingif kept without food, but recrudescence of growth willbe observed if Artemia nauplii are provided as late as 9days after hatching (Phonlor and Vinagre, 1989). Pro-longed starvation induces general cellular atrophy, theepithelium of the intestine suffers desquamation, a dras-tic reduction of zymogen granules is observed in thespleen, and necrosis is observed in the liver (Costa,2001).The appropriate density of Artemia nauplii is pro-portional to the age of O. argentinensis larvae. At astocking density of 15 larvae/l, the density should in-crease from 1 nauplius/ml the first day after hatching to15 nauplii/ml two weeks after hatching (Tesser andSampaio, 2001).Dry diets are accepted at first feeding, but larvalgrowth is reduced when compared to larvae preyingupon Artemia nauplii, thus weaning should be attemptedwith older larvae (Sampaio et al., 1995). Currently, O.argentinensis larvae are weaned 15 to 30 days afterhatching (Sampaio and Minillo, 1995a; Sampaio et al.,1998a), this approach seems to give good results, butbetter techniques for precocious weaning should be at-tempted in order to reduce the dependence on live food.The appropriate ration for larvae fed on dry dietsdecreases from 25% of their live weight per day 15 daysafter hatching (Sampaio and Minillo, 1995a) to 15%per day for 30 days old individuals (Sampaio et al.,1998a). At these ages, the feeding frequency should beat least six times per day in order to reach maximumgrowth rates (Sampaio et al., 1998b).The optimum temperature for larvae and finger-ling culture is 23°C, temperatures as high as 26°C re-duce the survival rate and lower temperatures result inlower growth rates (Streit, 2000; Sampaio and Pisseti,2001). However, it is important to emphasize that O.argentinensis presents a termolabile sex determination,and its sex rate at 18-21°C is female biased (Strussmann,et al., 1996).Larvae of O. argentinensis do not survive in freshwater, but they can be reared in low salinity water (5‰)from the first day after hatching without compromiseof growth and survival, when compared to the perfor-mance of larvae reared in salt water (35‰) (Phonlorand Sampaio, 1992). The acute transfer of young juve-niles (30 days old) from salt water (30‰) to fresh waterresulted in the death of all individuals (Sampaio andPhonlor, 1992). However, when the salinity is gradu-ally reduced during one week, the survival is around67% for the fish kept in 1‰ during 15 days, but all diewithin 2-3 days after the transfer to fresh water. Growthand survival are similar for juveniles raised in salinitiesbetween 2 or 35‰ (Sampaio et al., 2000).Larval growth is influenced by the photoperiod,larvae kept without light during the day are unable toprey on an adequate amount of Artemia nauplii, result-123PRODUCTION OF Odontesthes argentinensis FINGERLINGSing in a reduced growth rate. Larvae reared under con-tinuous light, or in a 12 hours light regime grow fasterthan those kept in the dark, but growth is maximized at18 hours  of light per day (Freitas, 2003).The stocking density can be as high as 90 larvae/lduring the first month of life (Sampaio and Phonlor,1996), but currently lower densities (20-30 larvae/l) havebeen used. Fingerlings are reared at lower stocking den-sities, typically 1-2 individuals/l when they are 90 daysold.Ammonia toxicity is influenced by temperature andsalinity. Sampaio and Minillo (1995b) determined aninverse relationship between temperature and ammoniatoxicity for 15 days old larvae. The LC50-96h (lethalconcentration for 50% of the population after 96 hoursof exposure) is 0.73 mg/L N-NH3 at 15°C and 0.96 mg/L N-NH3 at 23°C. As it is observed for other species,the toxicity of ammonia is lower in saltwater (30‰) thanat a lower salinity (10‰) (Sampaio and Minillo, 2000).Growth of O. argentinensis larvae is hamperedwhen they are exposed to 0.18 mg/L N-NH3 during 15days, showing that chronic effects can be observed atconcentrations easily found in hatcheries. On the otherside, it is not likely that nitrite toxicity could be a prob-lem for the culture of O. argentinensis, as the LC50-96h is equal to 88 mg/L N-NO2- and no chronic effectswere observed at concentrations as high as 25 mg/L N-NO2- (Peres, 2002).Information on the grow-out phase of “pejerrey” isstill scarce, but the current knowledge on reproduction,larviculture and fingerling production should be enoughto start up the commercial culture of this species.ReferencesCosta MPV (2001). Organogênese, cinética digestiva e efeitos dainanição em larvas de peixe-rei marinho, Odontesthesargentinensis (Valenciennes, 1835) (Teleostei: Atherinopsidae).Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande,103p. (MSc. Thesis).Freitas LS (2003). Efeito do fotoperíodo sobre a sobrevivência e ocrescimento de larvas do peixe-rei marinho Odontesthesargentinensis. Fundação Universidade Federal de Rio Grande,Rio Grande, 30p.Peres MMS (2002). Toxicidade aguda e crônica de amônia e nitritosobre larvas do peixe-rei marinho Odontesthes argentinensis.Fundação Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 26p.Phonlor G, Sampaio LA (1992). Effects of salinity on growth andsurvival of Odonthestes argentinensis larvae. Arquivos deBiologia e Tecnologia 35: 153-155.Phonlor G, Vinagre LEC (1989). Efeito do retarde da primeiraalimentação sobre o crescimento e a sobrevivência da larvade Odonthestes argentinensis. Atlântica. 11: 63-75.Sampaio LA (1992). Fertilização artificial, incubação e crescimentolarval de Odonthestes argentinensis. Efeitos da salinidade edensidade de estocagem. Rio Grande, Fundação UniversidadeFederal do Rio Grande, 58p. (MSc Thesis).Sampaio LA, Minillo A (1995a). Alimentação de larvas do peixe-rei marinho Odonthestes argentinensis com diferentes taxasde arraçoamento. Ibirubá, III Encontro Sul Brasileiro deAqüicultura, pp. 34-43.Sampaio LA, Minillo A (1995b). Acute toxicity of ammonia tomarine silverside larvae (Odontesthes argentinensis) underdifferent temperatures. European Aquaculture Society Spe-cial Publication 24: 390-393.Sampaio LA, Minillo A (2000). Viabilidade do uso de larvas dopeixe-rei Odontesthes argentinensis em testes de toxicidade:efeitos da salinidade e da temperatura. In: Ecotoxicologia:perspectivas para o século XXI. Espíndola ELG, PaschoalCMRB, Rocha O, Boher MBC and Oliveira Eds. Neto ALSão Carlos, RiMa Editora, pp. 545-553.Sampaio LA, Phonlor G (1992). Freshwater tolerance of marineand estuarine metamorphic larvae of O. argentinensis (Pisces:Atherinidae). Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 35: 85-90.Sampaio LA, Phonlor G (1996). Effects of stocking density ongrowth and survival of the marine silverside O. argentinensis(Pisces: Atherinidae) larvae. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia39: 443-449.Sampaio LA, Pisseti TL (2001). Efeito da temperatura sobre odesenvolvimento embrionário e larval do peixe-rei marinhoOdontesthes argentinensis . Rio Grande, XIV SemanaNacional de Oceanografia. CD-ROM.Sampaio LA, Tesser MB, Pickersgill AR (1998a). Efeitos de diferentestaxas de arraçoamento sobre o crescimento e a sobrevivênciade juvenis de peixe-rei Odonthestes argentinensis. Rio Grande,XI Encontro Nacional de Oceanografia, pp. 624-629.Sampaio LA, Tesser MB, Pickersgill AR (1998b). Effects of feed-ing frequency on growth of juvenile pejerey (Odontesthesargentinensis). Recife, XI Simpósio Brasileiro de Aquicultura,pp. 19.Sampaio LA, Pisseti TL, Maçada A, Ballester E (2000). Crescimentoe sobrevivência de juvenis do peixe-rei marinho (Odontesthesargentinensis) em salinidades reduzidas. Itajaí, XIII SemanaNacional de Oceanografia, pp. 690-692.Sampaio LA, Sirol RN, Matsumoto R, Phonlor G (1995). Primeiraalimentação de larvas de peixe-rei O. argentinensis com ração.Peruíbe, VIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Aqüicultura, pp.130- 136.Streit D (2000). Influência da temperatura no crescimento de juvenisde peixe-rei (Odontesthes argentinensis). Rio Grande,Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 30 p.Strüssmann CA, Cota JCC, Phonlor G, Higuchi H, Takashima F(1996). Temperature effects on sex differentiation of two SouthAmerican atherinids, Odontesthes argentinensis  andPatagonina hatchery. Environ Biol Fishes 47: 143-154.Tesser MB, Sampaio LA (2001). Growth of pejerrey larvae(Odontesthes argentinensis) on different prey densities.Atlântica 23: 153-159.

Production of “pejerrey” odontesthes argentinensis fingerlings: a review of current techniques

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Production of “pejerrey” odontesthes argentinensis fingerlings: a review of current techniques

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Repositório Institucional Universidade Federal do Rio Grande