Agoritsas, V

Akchurin, N

Bergdolt, A M

Bing, O

Bravar, A

Ditta, J

Dufournaud, J

Giacomich, R

Gorin, A M

Kuroda, K

Magaudda, D

Manuilov, I V

Michalowicz, A

Newsom, C R

Okada, K

Okusawa, K

Penzo, Aldo L

Riazantsev, A V

Rykalin, V I

Salvato, G

Schiavon, R P

Sillou, D

Takeutchi, F

Tareb-Reyes, M

Yoshida, T

Önel, Y M

CERN Document Server

CERN-PPE/94-12619. 07. 1994Fast Readout of Scintillating Fiber ArraysUsing Position-sensitive PhotomultipliersFAROS  COLLABORATIONV. Agoritsas2, N. Akchurin3, A. M. Bergdolt8, A. Bravar3, O. Bing8,  J. Ditta1 ,J. Dufournaud1, R. Giacomich9, A. M. Gorin7, K. Kuroda1, D. Magaudda5,I.V. Manuilov7,A. Michalowicz1, C. Newsom3,  K. Okada4, K. Okusawa6,       Y. Onel3, A. Penzo9, A.V. Riazantsev7, V. I. Rykalin7, G. Salvato5,P. Schiavon9, D. Sillou1, F. Takeutchi4, M. Tareb-Reyes1 and T. Yoshida6Abstract Experimental results obtained with commercially available PSPMscoupled to 0.5 mm-diameter scintillating fiber arrays show space resolution of< 200 m m and time resolution better than 1 ns with a detection efficiency ofabout 90%.  In addition, the preliminary studies indicate the feasibility ofseparating  double-tracks  with a minimum distance of 3 mm using thistechnology.(To be submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research)1) Annecy, LAPP/IN2P3, France2) CERN, Switzerland3) University of Iowa, Iowa,  USA4) Kyoto-Sangyo University, Japan5) Messina University/INFN, Italy6) Osaka City University, Japan7) Serpukhov, IHEP, Russia8) Strasbourg, CRN/IN2P3, France9) Trieste University/INFN, Italy- 2 -1.   IntroductionScintillating fiber (SciFi) technique is relatively simple, robust, reliable,and cost-effective.  It can be implemented for large-area applications withsub-millimeter precision and sub-nanosecond time resolution.  In order tofully exploit the merits of SciFi detectors, the readout devices have to matchthese  general properties; in particular the timing characteristics of plasticscintillators (tr £  1 ns).  This criterion is the guiding principle behind ourchoice of position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPM) as readout devicesfor SciFi arrays. Compared to different types of photosensitive devices, suchas optoelectronic systems (image intensifier, followed by a CCD) [1], visible-light photon-counters (VLPC) [2] and avalanche photodiodes [3], thephotomultiplier is continuing to be a major  component in many high-energyexperiments due to its fast response, high gain, low noise and good linearity.It is also reliable and simple to operate.  Furthermore,  the recent introductionof fine-mesh dynodes has brought new dimensions to PMT technologythereby making position sensitivity and immunity to high external magneticfields possible [4].The main features of the PSPM+SciFi combination can be summarized asfollows:a)   simple and reliable operation,b)   high sensitivity and low noise,c)    good space resolution ,d)   excellent time resolution ,e)   high rate capacity,f)    self-triggering,g)   immunity against magnetic field,h)   high radiation hardness, andi )   flexible geometry.Some of these properties, while considered individually, may be in closecompetition with those of other techniques. When considered as a whole,however, PSPM+SciFi is a unique technique with a multitude of  properties ina single device.  For example, combined fast response and high resolution ofthis type of a device allow to perform a unique function  (trigger and tracking)which is generally performed with the aid of two separate devices.In this paper we report on recent progress in the construction andoperation of SciFi arrays coupled to a PSPM.  These detectors may prove tofind use  in the high luminosity environment of future  collider experiments.The studies reported here are the natural continuation of an earlier studyusing coarser prototypes with 1 mm diameter fibers [6].- 3 -2.   Description of the PrototypesWe have constructed two hodoscopes.  The first one, referred to as  Type-A,  is constructed from 0.5 mm diameter scintillating fibers (S101-A,OPTECTRON).  As illustrated in Figure  1, the SciFi hodoscope is 28 mm wideand consists of 5 single-layers of fibers assembled by staggering each layer by0.25 mm .  On the readout end, the SciFi array is split into 4 segments of 7 mmeach.  Each segment is stretched over 35 mm on the photocathode in order toprovide a magnification factor  of  a  = 5, and a space resolution of s  »  200m m.A commercially available 3-inch diameter PSPM (Hamamatsu R2486)was used for some of the measurements.  R2486 is a 12-stage PSPM with 16 x-and 16 y- crossed wire anodes.The associated electronics are shown schematically in Figure  2.  All theanodes (of each x  or y  array) are connected to a common delay-line with aninterval of 3 ns.  One can thus measure the relative time difference betweenthe PMT anode pulses going out of the two ends of the delay-line.  The anodepulses are then amplified by a factor of 100, discriminated by constantfraction discriminator (CFD) and then fed into a TDC and a real time digitizer(RTD).   Using the timing information from the y  delay-line, one candetermine the hit segment.  Similarly, from the x  delay-line, one gets theposition within the segment.The second hodoscope prototype, referred to as Type-B, shown in Figure3, is designed to study the two-track resolution. Two-track events can beartificially generated by a double-array structure providing one of the arraymovable with respect to the other. Both arrays are seen by the same rows ofpad anodes of a R3941 - Mod. PSPM (8 x 29 pad anodes), custommanufactured by Hamamatsu.3.   Experimental ResultsWe have installed the apparatus in a test-beam (5-10 GeV/c  chargedparticles) of the CERN PS (Figure  4). It consists of 2 beam defining countersB1 and B2, two  narrow finger counters S1 and S2 (0.5 mm  wide across thebeam) and three SciFi-PSPM hodoscopes. Two planes (X-Y) of Type-Ahodoscopes are dedicated to study the space and time resolution as well astwo-dimensional imaging, while Type-B is used for studying thereconstruction of two-hit events.3.1  Space ResolutionThe space resolution of a hodoscope was studied by using two fingercounters placed up- and down-stream of the hodoscope.  Fig 5 presents eventdistribution obtained by putting these counters in coincidence with the- 4 -hodoscope. Also shown is a Gaussian distribution providing the best fit withs = 250 m m. After unfolding the width of the definition finger counters (0.5mm) the resolution is estimated to ~ 200 m m,  as already confirmed by ourpreceding measurement using a self calibrating method [7].3.2 Linearity of the Reconstructed PositionThe linearity of the reconstructed position was measured by scanning thefull width of the SciFi array with one of the finger counters in steps of 0.5 mm.The results are shown in Figure 6.The linearity within each of the 4 segments is good but slight non-linearities are seen near the boundaries.  This effect is due to the edge of asegment being too close to the edge of the PSPM sensitive area.   Note that thewidth of the segments on the photocathode is 35 mm, while the signals areread out with 12 anodes, each separated by 3.75 mm. This configurationprovides only one guard   anode beyond the SciFi array segment extremities.3.3  Detection EfficiencyThe local detection efficiency has been studied by normalizing the numberof events detected by the last dynode of the PSPM with respect to the incidentflux as defined by the finger counter (last-dynode.B1.B2.S1/B1.B2.S1). Thisraw  efficiency, not including any losses by the position reconstruction, isplotted in Figure  7 over the full width of the SciFi array. It is greater than 90%almost everywhere, except at the boundaries of the SciFi segments.Note that the areas of lower efficiencies correspond to a periphery of thephotocathode -- about 1 cm width around the edge --. Another local effectthat was previously observed [6] at each break between adjacent segments ofthe fiber array on the photocathode has been improved by arranging thesegments on the photocathode in alternate readout directions.  Thisguarantees that the adjacent hit fibers on the sensitive area remain adjacent onthe PSPM face, even though they belong to  different segments.The present limit of the  average efficiency, ~ 90 %, is due mainly to theamount of light produced in the fibers, and the attenuation along the fiber.The optical contact between SciFi and the photocathode was made withsilicon grease. In this connection, not only  the quality of the scintillating fiber,but the geometry of the array structure also effects the efficiency.  Forexample, the stacking of 5 single layers locally provides only 2 fiberstraversed by incident particles. The thickness of the cladding being »  3% ofthe fiber diameter ( »  15 m m for 0.5 mm fibers), the portion of such a weakregion presents »  6 % of the array surface.3.4 Time Characteristics- 5 -Another important issue concerns the time characteristics of thereadout system based on the delay-line method.  These characteristics werestudied by computing the mean-time, (tL + tR)/2, with respect to a referencetime t0, where tL and tR are the TDC contents corresponding to the arrivaltimes of the left and right propagating signals coming out of the delay-line,and t0 is generated by either the last dynode of the PSPM, or an externalcounter.  Figure 8 shows the time sum distribution with respect to t0 asdefined by the last dynode signal of the PSPM.  The two peaks were obtainedby adding a delay of 10 ns to tL in order to provide a calibration of the timescale. The fluctuation of the mean-time (t1 + t2 )/2 »  0.8 ns can be interpretedmainly as a transit- time spread of the signal across the stage of the lastdynode to the corresponding anode. Such a good time resolution will allow afast strobe coincidence, for the reconstruction of multi-hit events,  at the levelof the RTD as described in [5].Figure 9 shows a similar result obtained with t0 defined by an externalscintillator whose thikness was 5 mm.  Assuming that the time resolution ofthe external counter is roughly comparable with that of the PSPM theresolving time of the hodoscope itself is estimated to be s t~0.8 ns.3.5 Two-dimensional ImagingThe spatial resolution as achieved with this prototype allows one toobtain  two dimensional images; as an example, in Figure 10, is shown theprofile of a scintillator shaped as the letters "LHC" extending over an area of »8 x 20 mm2, placed in the beam just downstream the hodoscopes. This profilewas obtained in real time from 2 crossed planes of SciFi hodoscopes gated bythe  shaped scintillator.4.  Two-track StudiesA study of the two-track resolution of our detector was made using theType-B hodoscope shown in Figure 3.   This hodoscope consists of two layersof fibers placed transverse to the beam direction.  The fibers were interleavedat the face of the PSPM in such a way that a single track through the twolayers would illuminate a single spot on the photocathode.  When one of thelayers was displaced in the direction transverse to the beam, two spots wouldbe illuminated, with their separation determined by the offset between thetwo layers.  In this manner, it was possible to simulate two track signals in adynamic way.  The spacing between the tracks was varied from -5 to 5 mm.In order to easily view the two track outputs of the PSPM, two constantfraction discriminators were connected to the delay-line as shown in Figure11.   The output of these discriminators, as well as the anode pulses from thedelay-line are shown for two track events in the photographs in figure 12.The tracks shown  are typical examples of  two track events produced by 10- 6 -GeV/c  beam particles passing through the hodoscope. Changing theseparation (d) between the two hits from 0 to 5 mm, the discriminatorcorrectly triggers down to about 3 mm.   It should be noted that the effectivepropagation speed of the signal on the delay line is reduced by 20 to 40 % dueto the connection of the delay line  to the anodes with finite length wires.  Thepresent study, although it still remains in a sampling procedure, confirms thepossibility of reconstructing two-hits in real time [5].5.   Discussion and PerspectivesAll the data presented above were obtained under fairly criticalconditions on the number of photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode ofthe PSPM.   The thresholds of the CFDs corresponded to approximately 4photoelectrons.Recently, a significant improvement was achieved with a SciFi arraysample assembled by the Nagoya University group [8].  With 5 layers of 0.5mm  SciFi (SCSF38, KURARAY) about 15 - 20 photoelectrons are seen forminimum ionizing particles, which provide a clear spectrum (Figure  13) wellseparated from the PSPM noise.  This performance allows us to foresee notonly a higher detection efficiency but also a better space resolution for thenext generation of prototypes in the near future.Within the framework of RD-17, the PSPM is also being improved byusing finer grid dynodes with grid-bars  of 200 m m wide instead of 400 m m forthose used in commercial tubes.  The lateral electron-spread (wo) at the anodeis expected to be 3 mm FWHM in an axial magnetic field of  approximately500 gauss.  Such an upgrade of the PSPM is particularly important forimproving the time characteristics as well as the two-hit resolution of SciFihodoscopes.  Digitization of hit positions in real time [6] was performed in thepresent  study only in the determination of the hit segment.  In the futurestudies however we intend to carry out a systematic study and developmentof a real time digitizer (RTD) to meet not only high rate performancedemands but also that of good reconstruction of multi-hit events in real time.6. ConclusionWith  a spatial resolution better than 200 m m, time resolution betterthan 1 ns,  two-hit separation of 3 mm, good linearity and  efficiency betterthan 90%, this type of detector is an attractive candidate for high ratetopological triggering and tracking applications in particle physics and realtime imaging.  Relatively simple construction techniques and moderate costper anode channel are encouraging in view of the needs of future  large scalesystems.  In addition, in view of forthcoming developments in the field ofupgraded PSPMs, there is ample room for further improvements.  Futureefforts will be dedicated to improving the quality of the SciFi arrays as well asthe time characteristics of the front-end electronics.- 7 -AcknowledgmentsWe are very grateful to the members of the CERN PS group, whooffered us the beam facilities under the best conditions. We  thank themembers of Nagoya University group for  the SciFi array samples as well asfor their kind communications on the SciFi characteristics and the arrayassembling. We are much indebted to the technical personnel in thecollaborating institutions, in particular, H. Vey, and S. Rico  of LAPP as wellas S. Reia and D. Iugovaz of INFN/Trieste.References[1] Among several papers in this field, see e.g., R.E. Ansorge et al.,Nuclear Instruments and Methods A265 (1988) 33.[2] M. Atac and M. D. Petroff, Proc. Symp. on Detector R&D for the SSC,Fort Worth, Texas, 1990.[3] W. Bruckner et al., Nuclear Instruments and Methods A313 (1992) 429.[4] K. Kuroda, D. Sillou and F. Takeutchi, Rev. Sci. Instr. 52 (1981) 337.[5] V. Agoritsus et al., CERN/DRDC 91- 8, DRDC/P-25.[6] K. Kuroda, F. Lehar, S. Makino, A. Michalowicz, A. Penzo and F.Takeutchi, Nuclear Instruments and Methods A300 (1991) 259.[7]        A.M.Gorin et al., Nucl. Instr. and Methods A344 (1994) 220.[8] T. Nakano et al., DPNU-91-53, Nov/91; Proceeding of the IEEE 1991,Nuclear Science Symposium,  November 5 -9, 1991, Santa Fe, NewMexico.Figure captions- 8 -Figure 1 Mechanical structure of the SciFi array coupled to the PSPM (R2486).Figure 2 Block diagram of the readout electronics showing a) the PMT x-anodeconnections, and b) the real time digitization of hit segments.Figure 3 "Type-B" hodoscope showing the two movable layers for thesimulation of two simultaneous hits.Figure 4 Experimental layout of the T7-S area at CERN.Figure 5 Space resolution before unfolding the width of the definition counters(0.5 mm ).Figure 6 The linearity of the reconstructed position is shown as a function oftrack position, as determined by a movable defining counter.  Verticallines indicate the boundaries between adjacent segments.Figure 7 Raw   detection efficiency  versus position.  Events were triggered usingthe last dynode signals of the PSPM.  The output discriminators of thedelay-line were tested using both leading edge and constant fractiondiscriminators.Figure 8 An internal mean-time (tL + tR)/2 distribution obtained with thereference time t0 defined by the last dynode.  The two peaks wereobtained by shifting the tL signal by 10 nsrered ddddddr e derf.Figure 9 A mean-time (tL + tR)/2  distribution obtained with the reference timet0 defined by an external counter.Figure 10 An example of two-dimensional images obtained in real time with  2planes of hodoscopes. The letters extend over an area »  8 x 20 mm2Figure 11 Separation of two simultaneous hits.Figure 12 Typical example of two-hit events with different "track" separation.Figure 13 Pulse shape of the PSPM observed with the Nagoya SciFi arrayshowing a) Anode signal  through the delay-line and b) the lastdynode signal.- 9 -S1 S2 S3 S4 S1 S2 S3 S4BEAMOne Segment ofSciFi Hodoscope On Photocathode       SurfaceAspect Ration ~ 5  PSPM (R2486)35 mm     30 mm     38.1 mm    3.75 mm       28 mmY      XPosition of Definition Counter (mm)Reconstructed Position ( 0.1 mm/ div.)Reconstructed Position ( 0.1 mm/ div.)Number of EventsGaussian Distribution   with s  = 250 m m   Publication      i n NIM# 1 : 12 July 1994- 10 -151050-5-10-150100200300400Position of definition counter (mm)Reconstructed position (0.1mm/div)Y4Y7Y10Y13- 11 -151050-5-10-150.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.1Leading-EdgeConstant-FractionPosition (mm)Efficiency

Fast readout of scintillating fiber arrays using position-sensitive photomultipliers

Fast readout of scintillating fiber arrays using position-sensitive photomultipliers

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

CERN Document Server