We present general principles underlying analysis of the dependence of random
variables (outputs) on deterministic conditions (inputs). Random outputs
recorded under mutually exclusive input values are labeled by these values and
considered stochastically unrelated, possessing no joint distribution. An input
that does not directly influence an output creates a context for the latter.
Any constraint imposed on the dependence of random outputs on inputs can be
characterized by considering all possible couplings (joint distributions)
imposed on stochastically unrelated outputs. The target application of these
principles is a quantum mechanical system of entangled particles, with
directions of spin measurements chosen for each particle being inputs and the
spins recorded outputs. The sphere of applicability, however, spans systems
across physical, biological, and behavioral sciences.Comment: In H. Liljenstr\"om (Ed.) Advances in Cognitive Neurodynamics IV (pp.
405-410) (2015
