The nondestructive imaging of subsurface structures on the nanometer scale
has been a long-standing desire in both science and industry. A few impressive
images were published so far that demonstrate the general feasibility by
combining ultrasound with an Atomic Force Microscope. From different excitation
schemes, Heterodyne Force Microscopy seems to be the most promising candidate
delivering the highest contrast and resolution. However, the physical contrast
mechanism is unknown, thereby preventing any quantitative analysis of samples.
Here we show that friction at material boundaries within the sample is
responsible for the contrast formation. This result is obtained by performing a
full quantitative analysis, in which we compare our experimentally observed
contrasts with simulations and calculations. Surprisingly, we can rule out all
other generally believed responsible mechanisms, like Rayleigh scattering,
sample (visco)elasticity, damping of the ultrasonic tip motion, and ultrasound
attenuation. Our analytical description paves the way for quantitative
SubSurface-AFM imaging.Comment: 7 pages main paper + 11 pages supplementary material
