Unitary quantum gates, perfect entanglers and unistochastic maps

Abstract

Non-local properties of ensembles of quantum gates induced by the Haar measure on the unitary group are investigated. We analyze the entropy of entanglement of a unitary matrix U equal to the Shannon entropy of the vector of singular values of the reshuffled matrix. Averaging the entropy over the Haar measure on U(N^2) we find its asymptotic behaviour. For two--qubit quantum gates we derive the induced probability distribution of the interaction content and show that the relative volume of the set of perfect entanglers reads 8/3 \pi \approx 0.85. We establish explicit conditions under which a given one-qubit bistochastic map is unistochastic, so it can be obtained by partial trace over a one--qubit environment initially prepared in the maximally mixed state.Comment: 14 pages including 6 figures in eps, version 4, title changed according to a suggestion of the editor