Nanostructure materials have become essential in advancing energy technologies due to their distinctive features and superior performance. This work examines the synthesis, characterisation, and application of diverse nanostructure materials, such as titanium dioxide (TiO₂), silicon nanostructure, and carbon-based materials, in solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. Multiple synthesis processes, including sol-gel, hydrothermal, and chemical vapour deposition, are examined alongside characterisation methods like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET analysis. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in energy conversion and storage efficiencies, highlighting the potential of these materials in renewable energy systems. Despite positive outcomes, challenges like scalability and long-term stability remain. This review emphasises the vital importance of nanostructured materials in future energy applications and suggests avenues for further research
