10002818

Odai, Katsuhiko

English

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121Joyce's Intention of Using FairyTales in ALP's LetterKatsuhiko OdaiALP's unabridged letter is at last unveiled near the end of Fin-negans wake, 615.12-619.191㌦ thoughthis letter has been referred toin several parts, especially in I.5 (Book I Chapter 5). In I.5, a letterdug by a hen is deciphered by a professor and afragment of the letterappears at 111.10-20.Through the deciphement, we have tried aguess as tothe contents. The unabridged letter in Ⅳ (Book Ⅳ), how-ever, differs immensely from other references including I.5. In fact,we can't tell if the two letters are the same.The difference seems to representthe characteristics of the novel,FiTmeganS Wake. Different readers can interpret it in different waysand add their own meanings and philosophies, because Joyce createdthe novel in ambiguous languages. Then, the interpreter or a lettercanalso dothe same thing. The difference is a logical conclusion.The difference, however, derives from not only the contents of BookI Chapt,er 5 but also the genetic process of the letter itself. The com-plicated genetic process is summarized by Rose and O'Hanlon as fol-lows.It was in December 1923 (merely a matter of months since Joycebegan work on the W_abe)that Joyce inscribedthefirst draft of122the letter which was at the time intended to appear in I.5 (logi-cally enough, Ⅰ.5 being the letter chapter). Joyce, however,changing his mind. In January 1924 (after developing the piecethrough fair copies and a typescript) he extracted it from I.5 andlaid it aside. (Rose and O'hanlon, 306)This extracted version is called砧the revered letter''and is set in t0-gether with I.4 and I.5 in JaTneS Joyce Archive. "The revered letter"has many similar ideas and expressions with the ALP's letter in Ⅳ,but its contents are considerably changed. For that reason, "the re-vered letter" is not dealt as the first draftof ALP's letter. We canthink that the di飽rence of the two letters, the one in I.5 and theother in N, Were caused by the fact that Joyce wrote the letter in I.5in consideration of "the revered letter" which is quite different fromthe one in Ⅳ.When we consider the basic feature of ALP's letter, We must exam-ine the differences between ALP's letter and uthe revered letterDrather than the one in i.5 becausethe last one has a biased in flu-ence of the professor's decipherment.According to McHugh's annotations, the additions to ``the reveredletter" in ALP's letter have a variety of elements or place names inDublin or allusions to Milton. However,the elements of fairy tales(pantomimes)2'are the most prominent, which show up the narrativecharacteristics of the letter and it,s differences from "the revered let-ter''because they are the new ideas not used in ``the revered letter''orI.5. In this article, I will illuminate the na汀ative characteristics ofthe letter in comparison with "the revered letter''.Joyce's Intention of Using Fairy Tales in ALP's Letter　1231First of all, Goldilocks & the Three Bears is referred to in the fo1-lowlng quotation near the beginnlng Of ALP's letter. This is the firstallusion of fairy tales (pantomimes) in ALP's letter according toMcHugh. This is the passage where ALP recalls the丘rst encounterwith 班CE.When he woke up ln a SWeat besidus it was to pardon him, goldy-locks, me having an airth, but he daydreamsed we had a lovelytface for a pulltomine. (615.22-24, Emphasis added)The word, goldylocks, means a person with golden hair and alludesto the fairy tale. The tale is less popular than the other tales men-tioned below. It goes like this. Out of mere play a mischievousgirlwith golden hair steals into the house where the three bears, parentsand a child, live but are away at that moment. Then, she eats theirsoups, breaks their chairs and sleeps in one of their beds. In themeantime, bears come back home and cast her out or kill herュ). Thelesson seems to be that we must not pry into others'secrets even if wemean no ham.In the above passage, ``he" and "him" indicate HCE and ``him''is re-worded by "goldylocks." So HCE is linked to the mischievous girl ofthe tale. On the other hand, thethree bears are misslng here. In fact,the number ``three" is intentionally deleted in ALP's letter. In themiddle of the letter, there are a passage, "Meaning.･ One tWOfour.Finckers." (617.2) However, originally in the丘rst dra允, this passage124was "One two three fわur. Finckers.''(Hayman, 282) Joyce drew a lineover "three''and deleted it. Therefわre, With some intention Joycethought the word should be not written in ALP's letter and deter-mined to cross out.We now must consider what the number ∝three''is. There are theimportant numbers about HCE throughout Fimegans Wake : "One,Two, Three.''The numbers are relevant to ``The Phoenix Park Inci-dent." As is often the case with FilmeganS Wake, the incident is notwritten for readers to understand fully and there are some tentativetheories. The most accepted one is that HCE (one) peeps into twogirlspassing urine and three soldiers accuse HCE.Considering this background, ALP tells in the above quotation thatshe pardoned HCE, who committed a crime in the park. In addition,as ALP compares HCE to a mischievousgirl of the fairy tale and ne-glects the three soldiers, she believes that he didn't do a great seriouswrong and just did a childish mischief. Even if she doesn't believe, shewants to defend him and tell it to the respondent of the letter.2The next allusions to fairytales appear just after the first quotation.Back we were by thejerk of.a bearnstark, backed in paladays last,on the brinks of the wobblish,the man what never put a dramn inthe swags but milkfrom a national cowse. That was the prick oFthe spindle to me that gave me the keys to dreamland. Sneakersinthe grass, keep ofP (615.25-29, Emphasis added)Joyce's Intention of Using Fairy Tales in ALP's Letter　125Here, according to McHugh, the phrase, "the jerk of a beamstark,"alludes to "Jack and the Beanstalk.''In addition, ``the prick of thespindle''is the keyword of ``The Sleeping Beauty.''In "Jack and the Beanstalk," the poor young man, Jack, Sows a seedwhich is given by a witch and a bean stalk stretches into the air onthe next day.Ashe climbs upthe stalk, he gets tothe paradisefull ofgolden things, but a man-eatinggiant lives there. So Jack repeatedlygoes to steal sacks of gold medals, a golden hen which bears goldeneggs, a golden lyre and so on sothat he can't be caught bythegiant.One day, unfわrtunately, the giant finds him stealing and he hu汀ies togo back to the earth. Then, he cutsthe beanstalkand thegiant whochases him falls down fromthe sky and dies. Jack, who gets a lot ofwealth, marriesthe prlnCeSS and leads a happy life at the end of thetale. This is the basic storyline, but there is a version in which Jack iskilled by the giant because the stealing lS a Crime.As we turnback tothe above quotation from FiTmeganS Wake, the丘rst sentence means that "we," ALP and HCE, Were brought backfrom the paradise by means of the beanstalk and entered the condi-tion of the paradise lost. The earth where Jack comes back is corre-sponded with the paradise lost.I will return to "Jack and the Beanstalk" soon, but I would like toexamine another fairy tale allusion, "The Sleeping Beauty," together.The pnncess in ``The Sleeplng Beauty''is stung with a prick of thespindle and unfortunately falls asleep for one hundred years. In Fin-negans Wake, "the prick of the spindle", which traps ALP intothe con-dition of "Paradise Lost" or a misfortune "dreamland" inthe fairy tale,is αSneakers乃which must be ``the snakes''or ``Magrath Brothers4'･n126Their crime is explained by ALP in the passage which fわllows a洗erthe above quotation until the end or the page 615. As Adam and Evein Genesis are snared by the snake, ALP insists that HCE's sin is nothis fault but the snake's fault. In this way, HCE and ALP is parallleled with Adam and Eve.McHugh suggests that my emphasis in the above, "on the brinks ofthe wobblish,''alludes to the song "On the Banks of the Wabash, FarAway''composed by Paul Dresser in 1899. This is the song ln Which aman longs for his mother and lover whom he has leftin his home-town. The use of the song lnSinuatesthat ALP, expelled from theParadise, moums fわr her present condition, the Paradise Lost. Thefollowlng Passage appears near the end of the letter.While for whoever likesthat urogynal pan of cakes one apiece itis thanks, beloved, to Adam, our grocerest churcher, as per Grip-pith's varuations, for his beautiful crossmess parzel. (619.2-5)In this excerpt, ALP appreciates Adam and wants to distribute theoriginal sin("that urogynal pan of cakes") to others who like it. In herthought, the onglnal sin is reputed as a beautiful Christmas parcel("beautiful crossness parzel").As mentioned above, Adam is overlapped with HCE. HCE commitsa sin and he and ALP are expelledfrom the Paradise. ALP, however,is pleased with the condition of the Paradise Lost and seems to thinkthat the present situation is rather Paradise. mi§ hypothesis isbacked up because the phrase "paladays last" was ``paradise''in thefirst dra氏of "the revered letter." (Hayman, 81)Joyce's Intention of Using Fairy Tales in ALP's Letter　127The idea of the Paradise Lost is involved with these two fairy tales.As Jack commits a crime of stealing and goes back to the earth, wherehe becomes happy, the passage suggests that HCE commits a crime ora sin. Giventhat Jack's crime is justified because he commits itagainst the sinister giant, the parallelism suggests that HCE's canalso be justi丘ed. As Jack gets ma汀ied with a princess and leads ahappy life on earth, So HCE is expelled from the paradise, but he alsoleads a happy life with ALP.Moreover, in Sleepmg Beauty , the pnncess hasthe misfortune tosleep for a hundred years. However, the pnnce Elves an aid to her andwakes her up. Likewise, glVen that ALP corresponds with the prlnCeSSand HCE co汀eSpOnds with the pnnce, ALP appears to declare thatHCE didn't make her life a misery but helped and made her happyand thus tries to defend HCE and his sin.Another fairytale allusion, Cinderella, is also used for the defence ofHCE : "He'll want all his fury gutmurdherers to redress him." (617.18-19) It is suggested here that the godmother changes Cinderella'smiserable clothes into a beautiful dress in Perrault's fairytale. Thecontext before and afterthis excerpt represents that HCE'Sfuneral isgoing tO Start soon. Then the funeral results in rebirth, which is oneof the main themes ofFiTmeganS Wake. Of course,the word, "redress,"means "puttingright" primarily. In the context of Cinderella , how-ever, HCE, who seems ugly now, is onglnally an excellent person andif the godmother bewitches him, HCE will retum to an onglnal丘gure.HCE is defended by ALP here again.1283The four fairytales mentioned above contribute to the defence forHCE. The following excerpt, however, seems different from them.Well, here's lettering you erronymously anent other clerical fandsallieged herewith. I wish I wast be that duTnb tyke and he'd wishit u)as me yonther heel. How about it? The sweetest song in theworld! Our shape as a juvenile being much admired from t.hefirst withnative copper locks. Referring to the Married Woman'slmproperty Act a correspondent paints out that the SweesAubumn vogue is hanglng down straith丘tting to her innocentheyes. 0, felicious coolpose.T If all the MacCrawls would only han-dle virgi1s like Armsworks, Limited! That's handsel for gertles!Never mind Micklemans! (617.33-618.3, Emphasis Added)Before ALP got married withHCE, she wasthought to have an af-fair with Father Michael. That is hinted here by the phrase, "clericalrands," which lit,erally means "clerical experiences" and in other words"experiences with a clergyman.''The last word, ``Micklemans," mayalso hint his name "Michael." Therefわre, she seems to suggest theirrelationship in this excerpt.My reading is verified bythe passage of "the revered letter" : "Idon't care a尽g fわr such and e汀OnymOuS letter about an experience onthe part of me asgirl, alleged unpleasant,, with a handsoTne Prepos-sessing clerical friend. ･ ･ ･ Never mind poor Father Michaelnow ･ ･ ･ " (Joyce, FiTmeganS Wake, book I chapter 4-5:a FacsimileJoyce's Intention of Using Fairy Tales in ALP's Letter 129 ofdrαfts，か'Pescripts& proofs， 283) In the五rstitalicized sentence of the excerpt， a poem，“1 wish 1 was by That Dim Lake，" is alluded. In this poem by Thomas Moore， a per-son expresses the wish to be in 8t. Patrick's Purgatory where sinful souls take farewell to the vain world and false hope should never de-ceive us. (Moore， 121-122) 80 in the quoted passage ALP wishes to be in such a celestial world， but “he" wants her to be on “yonder hill，" which seems to indicate the uncelestial world. The second italicized sentence，“The sweetest song in the world押 isthe title of the song in the musical movie， We're Going to be Rich. The cheerful memories with an ex-lover are described in this song. These two songs indicate that Father Michael wanted her to be in the unce-lestial world and made happy memories as lovers. After titles of two songs， there are descriptions about herself in youth and then an optative sentence appears :“If al the MacCrawls would only handle virgils like Armsworks， Limited!" In this sentence， the MacCrawls are considered as a variant of“MaGrath Brothers" or “snake." In Addition， McHugh suggests that“virgins" are implied in the word，“virgils.押 Butwhat is the company's name，“Armsworks， Limited"? Changing A' R . M to A ・L. M， the company giving bene五四cence emerges. Then， in my opinion，“Alms works， Limited" means the church and Father Michael is hinted. Therefore， the sentence can be paraphrased as “If al the MacCrawls would only handle the virgins like Father Michael." The Third italicized sentence，“That's handsel for gertles! ，" can be interpreted as “That's a present for girls." In addition， "handsel" has a meaning of“the五rstexperience." By the context of“handling the vir-130 g:ins like Father Michael" and吋he五rstexperience for g:irls，" we can conclude that ALP had the五rstsexual experience with Father Mi同chael. However， as McHugh suggests， the sentence is superimposed by the image of Grimm's faiηtale，“Handel and Gretel." In the fairy tale， Handel and Gretel are a brother and a sister w ho are on good terms and help each other in difficult situations. Although sexual connota-tions can be read， ALP seems to insist that their relationship is only a relationship like Handel and Gretel. Here， unlike other examples， a fairytale is used to defend not HCE but ALP herself. Towards Conclusion As we have seen above， ALP uses fairytales very tactfully in her let-ter and defends HCE and herself. As to the usage of f:剖ηtales，Tin-dall says，“Nursery tales - 'jerk of the beamstark，"“goldylocks，" and “handsel for gertles，" for example - and popular songs，“the brinks of the wobblish，" show her simplicity." (Tindall， 323) If we pay attention to only her defence of HCE， we can conclude that ALP understands and tells HCE's crimes with “simplicity" like a child. However， when the last example， in which官 andeland Gretel" is used， istaken into consideration， we can feel not only her simplicity but also tactful intention. ALP hides Father's name which is speci:fied clearly in the stage of typescript of“the revered letter" and camou同flages their relationship very craftily. As 1 said before， al allusions to fairytales are elements which don't exist in吋herevered letter" and added later. J oyce uses f:討ηtalesef-fectively and they contribute to defend HCE and ALP. Moreover， as Joyce's Intention of Using Fairy Tales in ALP's Letter　131HCEand ALP are compared to characters of traditional fairytales,they are promoted to the representatives of all humanity. So theirsins are not their fault but becomethose common in all humanity, theorlglnalsin. Inthis manner, Joyce describesthe nature of all human-ity in his work.B ibliography池内　紀訳『グリム童話(上)』 (東京,筑摩書房, 1989)河野一郎訳『イギリス民箭集』 (東京,岩波書店, 1991)新倉朗子訳『ペロー童話集』 (東京,岩波書店, 1982)Brivic, Sheldon. Joyce's Waking Women : An Introduction to Finnegans Wake(London, The University or Wisconsin Press, 1995)Campbell, Joseph and Henry Morton Robinson. A Skelton Key to FinnegansWake (London, Faber and Faber, 1947)Ed. Coles, Martin and Christine Hall, Jack and Beanstalk a pantoTnime (Edin-burgh Gate, Pearson Education Limited, 2002)Glasheen, Adaline. A Third Census of'Finnegans Wake : An Index of'the Charac-ters and Their Roles. (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977)Joyce, James. Ed. David Hayman. A First-Draft Version oF Finnegans Wake(London, Faber and Faber, 1963)Joyce, James. Finnegans Wake. (London, Penguin books, 1992)Joyce, James. prefaced by David Hayman.Amanged by Danis Rose and JhonO'Hanlon. Finnegans wake, book I , chapteT･S 4-5 : a facsiTnile oF drafts,typescripts & proofs (New York, Garland Publishing, 1978)Joyce, James. prefaced by David Haynan.Amanged by Danis Rose and JohnO'Hanlon. FiTmeganS Wake, book lV : a fTacsimile of drabs, typescT･ipts &pT･00fs (New York, Garland Publishing, 1977)McHugh, Roland. ATmOtations to Finnegans Wake, Srd Edition (Baltimore,Johns Hopkins University, 2006)Moore, Thomas. Irish Melodies and Sacred Songs (New York, Phinney, Blake-man and Mason, 1860)Rose, Danis and John O'Hanlon. Understanding Finnegans Wake : A Guide tothe NarT･atiue of- James Joyce's Masterpiece. (New York, Garland Pub-lishing, 1982)Tindall, William York. A Reader's Guide to Finnegans Wake, First Syracuse132University Press Edition (New York, Syracuse University Press, 1996)Notes1 ) The page numbers and line numbers ofFiTmegaTW Wake will be denoted likethese. The numbers before dots refer to pages and the numbers after dotslines.2 ) Because there is a phrase ``pulltomine''(615.24), McHugh regards them asthe references of pantomimes, which were the hot stuffs atthat time. How-ever, the stories of pantomimes are changed in each performance. Therefore,I decide to usethe basic story line of the fairy tales andthe fairy tales.3 )Whether they cast her out or kill her depends on versions.4 ) The characters in Finnegans Wake are transformed in various ways accord-ing to the situation. MagTath Brothers are transfわrmed into snakes or cads.The basic concept of them all is HCE's enemy.

Joyce's Intention of Using Fairy Tales in ALP's Letter

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Joyce's Intention of Using Fairy Tales in ALP's Letter

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