Das, Shobhan

Eremeeva, Marina

English

Georgia Southern University: Digital Commons@Georgia Southern

Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Eagles Talking About the Public’s Health Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health Publications Fall 2022 Asian Long-horned Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis: What happens in Asia does not stay in Asia Shobhan Das Marina Eremeeva Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etaph  Part of the Public Health Commons This article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health Publications at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Eagles Talking About the Public’s Health by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@georgiasouthern.edu. — PAGE 1 —Eagles Talking About the Public’s Health JIANN-PING HSU COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTHFALL 2022 GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITYAsian Long-horned Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis: What happens in Asia does not stay in Asia AuthorsShobhan Das, DVM, MSc. and Marina E. Eremeeva, M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D.Shobhan Das is a Master of Public Health student in Environmental Health Sciences program in the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health.Marina E. Eremeeva is a Professor in the Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences in the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health. CommentaryIntroduction:The Asian long-horned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (also known as the Asian tick, bush tick, and New Zealand cattle tick) is native to eastern China, Japan, the Russian Far East, and Korea; its natural occurrence is also documented throughout Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand.1,2 In these regions it is a significant pest of livestock. This tick also transmits a novel virus that can cause a severe febrile hemorrhagic illness with a deficiency of platelets and is rapidly spreading in Asia.3 Invasion of Long-horned Ticks into USA:The Asian long-horned tick was first found in the USA on a sheep farm in New Jersey in 20174,5, However, a retrospective review of historic tick collections determined that H. longicornis was already present in the United States by 20136; it was found in West Virginia but was mistakenly identified as the rabbit tick, which is native to the U.S.7 According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, populations of Asian long-horned tick have been detected in 17 states as of August of 2022.8 This promiscuous tick has been found attached to diverse small and middle-sized wild animals, cattle, dogs, cats, and humans.4 Georgia was added to this list of states when the tick was spotted in the fall of 2021 on a cattle farm in Pickens County and then found in Hall County and Habersham County in 2022.9 Properties of the Asian Long-horned Tick:Asian long-horned ticks are light brown with a size smaller than a sesame seed before they ingest a blood meal. For non-experts it may look like the American lone star tick commonly found across the south-eastern United States, although the former will be attached to cattle by the hundreds. This tick uses three different animals to complete its development from eggs to adults.1 The Asian long-horned tick can reproduce sexually and through an asexual process meaning female ticks can reproduce without a male.1 Consequently, an introduced single female can establish a local population by herself. Genetic analysis indicates that while all Asian long-horned ticks found in the US are females of an asexual lineage of northeast Asian origin, at least 3 different females were the sources of these newly established USA populations.10 Reports of heavy Asian long-horned tick infestations on cattle and white-tailed deer underscore widespread serious concern about its potential impact on US livestock due to the stress and blood loss caused by transmitting Theileria orientalis, a tick-borne protozoon that invades red and white blood cells.4,11 Possible susceptibility of this tick to many US native tick-borne pathogens of public health significance and its establishment in the eastern part of the USA is a threat for new waves of human or animal tick-borne infections which have already been continuously increasing in the last two decades.12,13Recommendations:US CDC recommends the use of EPA-approved insect repellents and 0.5% permethrin-treated clothing to ward off Asian long-horned ticks.14 To prevent and minimize exposure to ticks, people are recommended to avoid tick-infested habitats, such as wooded and brushy areas with high grass and leaf litter, and to walk in the middle of trails. Checks for ticks on clothing, gear, and pets, and taking a shower after all outdoor activities are recommended. If found, an attached Asian long-horned tick should be removed as quickly as possible with tweezers.15 It is recommended that the tick be saved in a small container of rubbing alcohol or a zip-lock bag for identification. Local health departments and local — PAGE 2 —Eagles Talking About the Public’s Health JIANN-PING HSU COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTHFALL 2022 GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITYveterinarians may be contacted about proper measures to prevent tick bites and treat tick-borne diseases in humans and animals, respectively. State agriculture departments or local agricultural extension offices should be contacted about ticks on livestock or for tick identification. Due to increasing warm weather patterns, tick encounters may occur year around Georgia and neighboring states. References1. Hoogstraal, H., et al. Review of Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) longicornis Neumann (resurrected) of Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Fiji, Japan, Korea, and Northeastern China and USSR, and its parthenogenetic and bisexual populations (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology. 1968; 54(6): 1197-213. 2. Raghavan, R. K., et al. Potential spatial distribution of the newly introduced long-horned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis in North America. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9(498): 1-8.3. Zhang, X., et al. Rapid spread of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus by parthenogenetic Asian long-horned ticks. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022; 28(2): 363-372.  4. Tufts, D. M., et al. Association of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis tick with vertebrate hosts, other native tick vectors, and tick-borne pathogens in New York City, USA. International Journal for Parasitology. 2021; 51(2-3): 149-157.5. Rainey, T., et al. Discovery of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) parasitizing a sheep in New Jersey, United States. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2018; 55(3): 757-759.6. Haddow, A. D. The consequences of medically important invasive arthropods: the long-horned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2019; 68(3): 530-531.7. Egizi, A. M., et al. A pictorial key to differentiate the recently detected exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 (Acari, Ixodidae) from native congeners in North America. Zookeys. 2019; 818: 117-128. 8. United State Department of Agriculture (USDA). National Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian Long-horned tick) situation. August 23, 2022. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/tick/downloads/longhorned-tick sitrep.pdf. Accessed: October 06, 2022.  9. Whittaker, J. Georgia Farm Bureau. Invasive tick new to Ga. confirmed in three counties. Georgia Farm Bureau News. 2022; 84(3): 19. 10. Egizi, A., et al. First glimpse into the origin and spread of the Asian long-horned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis in the United States. Zoonoses Public Health. 2020; 67(6): 637-650. 11. Dinkel, K. D., et al. A U.S. isolate of Theileria orientalis, Ikeda genotype, is transmitted to cattle by the invasive Asian long-horned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasites Vectors. 2021; 14(157): 1-11.12. Sonenshine, D. E. Range expansion of tick disease vectors in North America: implications for spread of tick-borne disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(478): 1-9. 13. Cumbie, A. N., Trimble, R. N., and Eastwood, G. Pathogen spillover to an invasive tick species: first detection of bourbon virus in Haemaphysalis longicornis in the United States. Pathogens. 2022; 11(454): 1-12. 14. Foster, E., et al. et al. Preliminary evaluation of human personal protective measures against the nymphal stage of the Asian long-horned tick (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 2020; 57(4): 1141-1148. 15. CDC. Tick Removal. May 13, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/removing_a_tick.html. Accessed: October 06, 2022.  

Asian Long-horned Tick \u3cem\u3eHaemaphysalis longicornis\u3c/em\u3e: What happens in Asia does not stay in Asia

https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/context/etaph/article/1037/viewcontent/ETAPH.Fall22.Das.Eremeeva.pdf

Asian Long-horned Tick \u3cem\u3eHaemaphysalis longicornis\u3c/em\u3e: What happens in Asia does not stay in Asia

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