Staging of rectal cancer by endorectal ultrasonography

Abstract

Endorectal ultrasonography is valuable method for accurate local staging of rectal cancer. Precise evaluation of tumor stage is essential for optimal therapy planning in patients with rectal cancer. Furthermore, it has great influence on the resectability and the risk of recurrence following resection. Endorectal ultrasonography has become the most common diagnostic tool for locally staging rectal cancer due to its advantages over magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT). Among these diagnostic modalities ERUS has been known to be most accurate. Moreover, endorectal ultrasonography is inexpensive and quick diagnostic procedure associated with minimal discomfort to the patient. However, the use of CT, MRI, and more recently magnetic resonance imaging with endorectal coil often remains necessary. These modalities may be useful supplements in patients with suspected T4 lesion, when endorectal ultrasonography is technically unsuccessful and in cases of diagnostic dilemma. Major improvements in diagnostic and staging of rectal cancer have led to stage-oriented surgery, planning of therapy individually for each patient, reduce of local recurrences, and better overall survival. This article reviews the current use of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal cancer as the most practical and accurate diagnostic modality for preoperative locoregional staging of rectal cancer at this time