Imkamp, Emelie

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70 LĚT LIPŠĆANSKEJE SORABISTIKI ZBĚRNIK KONFERENCY 2022 Edward Wornar & Mato Šlegel (wudawaćelej)70 JAHRE LEIPZIGER SORABISTIK SAMMELBAND DER KONFERENZ 2022 Eduard Werner & Matthias Schlegel (Herausgeber)    Wudawaćelej Edward Wornar, Mato Šlegel Lěto wudaća 2024 URN urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa2-945172   Kontakt Universität Leipzig Institut für Sorabistik 04081 Leipzig  sorabistik@uni-leipzig.de Wuhotowanje, sadźba, layout Mato Šlegel, Lipsk Licenca Přinoški w tutym zběrniku wuńdu pod creative- commons-licencu CC BY ND 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/  © Institut za sorabistiku, Lipsk, 2024  Herausgeber Eduard Werner, Matthias Schlegel Erscheinungsjahr 2024 URN urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa2-945172   Kontakt Universität Leipzig Institut für Sorabistik 04081 Leipzig sorabistik@uni-leipzig.de  Gestaltung, Satz, Layout Matthias Schlegel, Leipzig Lizenz Die Beiträge in diesem Sammelband erscheinen unter der Creative-Commons-Lizenz CC BY ND 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/  © Institut für Sorabistik, Leipzig, 2024  Sobu financowane z dawkowymi  srědkami na zakładźe etata, schwaleneho wot sakskeho sejma.  Mitfinanziert durch Steuermittel auf  Grundlage des vom Sächsischen Landtag beschlossenen Haushaltes. 70 lět Lipšćanskeje sorabistiki: zběrnik konferency 2022    INSTITUT ZA SORABISTIKU Wobsah · Inhalt Słowo doprědka · Zum Geleit III Postrowna powěsć Sebastiana Gemkowa · Grußbotschaft von Sebastian Gemkow 1 Postrowne słowo Dawida Statnika · Grußwort von Dawid Statnik 2 Eduard Werner Zur Entwicklung der Sorabistik an der Universität Leipzig 3 Martin Boukal Harmonizacije hymny Rjana Łužica we Łužiskoserbskim věstníku w 30tych lětach 20. lětstotka 9 Katja Brankačkec Wot- vs. preč: k zwuraznjenju pohiba w hornjoserbšćinje 17 Emilia Anna Deutsch Some West Slavic, German and American proverbs about motherly love and their socio-cultural context 24 Tereza Hromádková Rukopisy Serbowki w Hórnikowej knihowni w Praze 34 Emelie Imkamp The depiction of the Sorbs and their language(s) and culture in the over-regional children’s monthly “Frösi” 38 Goro Christoph Kimura Strategije rěčneje koeksistency we Łužicy: móžnosće w rěčnej krajinje 42 Tadeusz Lewaszkiewicz Górnołużyckie wyrazy złożone z pierwszym członem sobu- na podstawie „Nowej doby” z lat 1977–1980 50 Aleksandra Mandić Stote posmjertniny Pavla Jurišića Šturma 56 Roland Marti Germanizmy w ranych (dolno)serbskich tekstach 59 Olav Mueller-Reichau Wie slavisch ist der obersorbische Verbalaspekt? 65 Carsten Sinner Sprachliche Normalisierung von Minderheitensprachen außerhalb ihres Sprachgebiets: Das Galicische in Deutschland und an der Universität Leipzig 79 Sergej Skorwid Wo serbsko-ukrainskich paralelach we wobłuku historiskeje fonetiki: z rozmyslowanjow nastupajo status serbšćiny a ukrainšćiny w srjedźoeuropskim rěčnym zwjazku 100 Leoš Šatava Wuwiće serbskeho etniskeho wědomja a jeho wosebitosće 111 Till Vogt und Sabine Asmus Anmerkungen zu typologischen Merkmalen der Satzgliedfolge des modernen Niedersorbischen und Bretonischen im slawischen und insularkeltischen Kontext: VSO, SVO oder ganz anders? 115 Edward Wornar Najstarši serbski katechizm 133    70 lět Lipšćanskeje sorabistiki: zběrnik konferency 2022; 38–41 * Emelie Imkamp, Leipzig University, Institute for Sorbian studies, ei15kyjo@studserv.uni-leipzig.de INSTITUT ZA SORABISTIKU Emelie Imkamp * The depiction of the Sorbs and their language(s) and culture in the over-regional children’s monthly “Frösi” urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa2-945336  1 The Sorbs e Sorbs are a Slavic minority that presumably originates from the region of the Carpathian foothills. ey have lived in Lusatia since the sixth century of the common era.1 roughout their history, they were incorporated in different political entities and never formed an independent state. One of those entities was the GDR. In this article, the situation of the Sorbs in the GDR is presented by the example of the children's magazine the Frösi. In the census from 1946 in Saxony gave a total of 25,213 Sorbs. In 1956, Ernst Tschernik2 carried out a survey asking for Sorbian language skills. He came to a number of more than 80,000. Upon this figure, the GDR used to work with a total of 100,000 Sorbs. e 20,000 additional people were believed to be Sorbs without any knowledge of the Sorbian language(s). Realistically, however, the number of speakers has dwindled severely, which is also re-flected by the UNESCO that considers Lower Sorbian as a severely endangered language in the World Atlas of Languages in Danger.3 From a political point of view, it is more advantageous for the Sorbs to give a high number in order to keep institutions and schools open and receive funding. On the 23rd of March 1948 the so-called “Sorbengesetz” was passed in Dresden. e law applied to today’s region of Saxony and the south-west region of Brandenburg. e Sorbs living in this area were not to be prevented from using their mother tongue in education, administrative authorities and law courts. e antifascist policies that were present everywhere in Eastern Germany so shortly aer the defeat of the fascism plays a role in the “Sorben-gesetz” as well. e Sorbs are depicted as an antifascist organisation, which was a common approach in the GDR. Article 11 of the GDR Constitution says: Die fremdsprachigen Volksteile der Republik sind durch Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung in ihrer freien volkstümlichen Entwicklung zu fördern; sie dürfen insbesondere am Gebrauch ihrer Muttersprache im Unterricht, in der inneren Verwal-tung und in der Rechtspflege nicht gehindert werden. [e foreign language parts of the Republic are to be supported by legislation anddministration in their free, folk-traditional development; especially they must not be prevented from using their mother tongue in education, as well as the internal administration and administration of justice.] Support of the State for the Sorbs is implied in the following: In 1968, the GDR Constitution was redraed. e article relating to the Sorbs was now Article 40 which said: Bürger der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik sorbischer Nationalität haben das Recht zur Pflege ihrer Muttersprache und Kultur. Die Ausübung dieses Rechts wird vom Staat gefördert. [Citizens of the German Democratic Republic of Sorbian nationality have the right to maintain their mother tongue and culture. e exercise of this right is supported by the State.] e Sorbs are specifically named in the Constitution here for the first time. Interestingly, there is no regional limitation to their rights concerning language and culture. erefore, it could have been applied to the entire area of the GDR. 2 The Frösi e children's magazine Frösi was published by Verlag Junge Welt between 1953 and 1991. Until 1967, it was called Fröhlich sein und singen. Only then was it shortened to its better-known name Frösi. It was the magazine of the GDR children’s organisation called Junge Pioniere, ‘Young Pioneers’ and was intended for children from the first  1 c.f. P. Kunze: Kurze Geschichte der Sorben, Bautzen, 4. Aufl., 2008. 2 1910–1988, Sorbian teacher and scientist 3 is institution was founded in 1951 in Bautzen and was the predecessor of to-day Sorbian Institute. The depiction of the Sorbs and their language(s) and culture in the over-regional children’s monthly “Frösi”   39 grade to approximately the eighth grade, i.e., the age of six to fourteen. e magazine was available by subscription or to be bought at news-stands. In 1953, four issues, each with 32 pages, were published. In the next two years, there were eight issues. ereaer, Fröhlich sein und singen became a monthly magazine. In 1970, the number of pages was increased to 40. Until 1960, the price of a magazine was 50 pfennigs and thereaer 70 pfennigs. e maximum circulation was around 600,000 copies. It essentially sopped with the collapse of the GDR. 3 The depiction of the Sorbs in the Frösi From 1953 until 1963, the Sorbs are only once directly mentioned, in connection with Easter Eggs which are widely known. It is not said that they are a cultural or ethnic minority or that they have a different language. However, women wearing Sorbian costumes are oen seen, along with people and traditional costumes from various cultures from all over the world. ere are fourteen pictures of Sorbian costumes. e majority of them are to be found in the issues from 1970 until 1985. In three of them, both men and woman could be seen. e costumes of the women are more special and striking.   Picture 1: Traditional Sorbian Easter Eggs (https://www.sorabi-con.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/SKL-Ostereier_03.jpg,  Accessed 2023 May 10)   Picture 2: A Sorbian girl in traditional costume (Fröhlich sein und singen, 1956, volume 12, appendix p. 15) Internationalism runs through the entire years in which the Frösi and the Fröhlich sein und singen before that, was published. Indigenous peoples from all continents are presented in informative articles and one can also read fairy tales, stories, etc. related to these groups. e Sorbs and their history of oppression until 1945 become increas-ingly a part of the Frösi in the 1970s and 1980s. In the time from 1964 until 1974, two of the most important mentions of the Sorbs are in relation to the Pioneer meeting4 in Lusatia (July issue of 1970) and the visit of the Sorbian School in Bautzen (April issue of 1972). eir traditions and their language that differ from the German one are mentioned here for the first time in the Frösi.  4 is was a general, central meeting of the Ernst älmann Pioneer Organization. From 1952 until 1988, eight of them took place in different cities of the GDR. Emelie Imkamp  40 Also, the comic about the brave Sorb Bjedrak in 1974 and its introduction by Křesćan Krawc5 show that the Sorbs played a slightly bigger role in the contents of the Frösi in the 1970s. e increasing mentions of the Sorbs and the more informative articles about them in the early 1970s might be connected with the redraing of the GDR con-stitution of 1968, aer which the Sorbs explicitly had the right to maintain their culture and language with the support of the State. In the 1980s, the highest number of mentions and depictions of the Sorbs in the Frösi are to be found. e last mention of the Sorbs can be found in the March issue of 1987. From 1983 until 1987, the Sorbs and their traditions are in some way mentioned at least twice a year. Two of these mentions are again in connection with Easter and three other times because Pioneers or reporters visited Sorbian schools or Lusatia in general. ere is one recipe that includes the term Sorbian and a sample of the language, two mentions of the word Sorbian are in connection with Bautzen and its architecture. One photograph in 1985 and an article about the Vogelhochzeit from January 1986 contain two more mentions. e “Photo of the Month” from the February issue of 1985 a picture with the subtitle “Sorbische Jugendfastnacht”, ‘Sorbian Youth Carnival’. In the foreground, there is a young woman in Sorb-ian costume, in the background there are two more. Each of them has a man at her side who are wearing suits with hats and ties that are not specifically Sorbian. Normal GDR clothing at that time used not hats, however. is means that the men are in some way dressed specifically for the occasion. Everybody on this photograph is laughing. It is written about it: In der Spreewaldgemeinde Werben ist es Tradition, daß die Mädchen zu ihrer schönen Tracht noch eine Haube als Kopf-schmuck tragen. […] Zur Fastnacht gehört im Spreewald das traditionelle Zampern. Groß und Klein ziehen oft mit Musik und Gesang von Haus zu Haus und erfreuen die Leute. [In the Spree Forest community Werben it is tradition that the girls wear a hat as a headdress in addition to their nice costume. […] e traditional zampering is part of the carnival in the Spree Forest. Big and small oen go from home to home with music and songs and making people happy.] (Frösi 1985, February issue, p. 12). It is only in the 1980s that Sorbian contents are to be found in the “normal” columns of the Frösi (e.g. the recipe in 1984 or the photograph of the month in 1985). One cause could have been, that the GDR was internationally recognised in 1974. ereaer, the country was more self-confident and partly developed well due to new cooper-ation possibilities. A focus on the normal modern life, especially of the Sorbs and their normalized language use, fit well into this picture. e normalization of the Sorbian language was advancing at this time. Lastly, the Sorbs are also frequently mentioned in reports about the Spree Forest, an important touristic and agricultural region with the gherkin as its most famous product. e Sorbs are depicted as a part of this region and as a good cause to visit it. e language is depicted 10 times and only in the 1970s and 1980s. Four of these instances are the name of the illustrator Měrćin Nowak and of the journalist and author Křesćan Krawc. e latter one is named three times, in three different versions that are all wrong: 1974 as Křesćan Kráwce and 1978 as Krěsčan and Krěscan Krawc-Schnei-der. e Sorbian name of the fairy tale, bludnički, is spelled correctly. e name of the author was probably added by the editors who were not familiar with Sorbian, while Krawc wrote the article about the fairy tale, spelling the Sorbian term correctly. In the comics of 1974 about the Sorb Bjedrak, the name of the hill Čornobóh is spelled correctly, but the Sorbian name for the city of Bautzen, Budyšin, is written with an [s]. Mucha, the Sorbian term for fly, is written correctly as well as Radwor in a report about this town of 1983, where Radibor is visited by a reporter. Both terms do not contain Sorbian letters, therefore the assumption of missing letters on the German typewriters would apply here. In the greeting Dobry dźeń in the report of Radibor, the [ń] is substituted by the letter [ú]. In 1984, the Sorbian recipe for Nowolětka is called Nowe Letki. Lastly, the Sorbian custom of the Vogelhochzeit is called Ptaci kwas in 1986, sub-stituting the [č] with the letter [c]. Most of these mistakes may be due to the typewriters that were in use. is may be confirmed by the fact that all mistakes would have been mistakes in Lower and Upper Sorbian. Whereas these are distinguished as two separate languages since 1992 by the European Charter for regional and minority languages, the GDR treated them as one language taught in two different dialects.  5 German-Sorbian author born in 1938 near Bautzen The depiction of the Sorbs and their language(s) and culture in the over-regional children’s monthly “Frösi”   41 4 Conclusion By analysing the depiction of the Sorbs in the over-regional children’s monthly Frösi, it became clear that it is closely related to the GDR’s language policy concerning its only national minority. Since the 1970s, the Sorbs became more prominent, especially their traditions and clothing. eir language(s), treated as two dialects, is also depicted more oen, yet seldom without spelling errors. Further research could be done with other magazines, also academic journals etc. References Fröhlich sein und singen in Stadtbücherei Berlin Frösi 1956–1991 in Deutsche Nationalbibliothek https://archive.org/details/frosi-1978-12 (27.08.2022) http://www.verfassungen.de/ddr/verf74.htm (27.08.2022) http://www.verfassungen.de/de19-33/verf19-i.htm (27.08.2022) http://www.verfassungen.de/ddr/verf68.htm (27.08.2022) http://www.verfassungen.de/ddr/verf49.htm (27.08.2022) https://www.sorben.sachsen.de/ (04.09.2022) https://www.sorabicon.de/kulturlexikon/artikel/prov_y1d_lsj_r3b/ (19.07.2022) https://www.sorabicon.de/kulturlexikon/artikel/prov_rmm_dbv_vhb (19.07.2022) https://www.sorabicon.de/kulturlexikon/artikel/prov_i4l_dqr_kmb/ (19.07.2022) https://www.sorben-erleben.de/index.php?page=station&tour_id=52&station_id=159 (19.07.2022) Dieter Bingen, Jürgen Neyer, Albert Löhr (Hg.): Minderheiten als Mehrwert. Schriften des Collegium Elle, Ludwig: Sorben – demografische und statistische Aspekte In: Matthias Theodor Vogt, Jan Sokol, Lewaszkiewicz, Tadeusz: Dolnołużycki i górnołużycki – języki zagrożone czy wymierające? https://prolusatia.pl/ksiaznica/artykuly/438-dolnoluzycki-i-gornoluzycki-jezyki-zagrozone-czywymierajace.html     PONTES Band VI Peter-Lang-Verlag Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien 2010 DOI 10.1696/cpVI-2010-25 Tschernik, Ernst: Die Entwicklung der sorbischen Bevölkerung von 1832 bis 1945 Walde, Martin: Demographisch-statistische Betrachtungen im Oberlausitzer Gemeindeverband »Am Klosterwasser«. In: Lěto-pis 51(2004) 1. ❧       

The depiction of the Sorbs and their language(s) and culture in the over-regional children’s monthly “Frösi”

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The depiction of the Sorbs and their language(s) and culture in the over-regional children’s monthly “Frösi”

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