<p>This dataset consists of measurements of photosynthetic primary production, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment concentrations, and flow cytometry-based determinations of the abundances of heterotrophic bacteria and the picophytoplankton - Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and small eukaryotic phytoplankton. All samples were collected through the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program, which began in 1988 with ~monthly cruises to Station ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment; 22° 10 N, 158° 00 W). Photosynthetic production of organic matter was measured by the 14C tracer method. Details on the methods employed over the years are detailed in Karl et al., Progress in Oceanography (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102563). Flow cytometry-based determinations of microbial abundances were made using an EPICS 753 flow cytometer on HOT 22-173 (December 1980 – September 2005) and a B/D Influx flow cytometer beginning with HOT 174 . Details on the flow cytometry methods are provided at (https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/methods/bact.html). Samples for chlorophyll a and phaeopigments were collected onto Whatman GF/F filters and extracted with 100% acetone and measured on a Turner Designs Model 10-AU fluorometer based on standard techniques described in Strickland and Parsons, 1972. Method details available at (https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/methods/chl.html). Time is in a separate column from date. Dates and times are in local time (HST).</p>