This study develops a newly designed, patented, bidirectional dc/dc converter (BDC) that interfaces amain energy storage (ES1), an auxiliary energy storage (ES2), and dc-bus of different voltage levels,for application in hybrid electric vehicle systems. The proposed converter can operate in a step-upmode (i.e., low-voltage dual-source-powering mode) and a step-down (i.e., high-voltage dc-linkenergy-regenerating mode), both with bidirectional power flow control. In addition, the model canindependently control power flow between any two low-voltage sources (i.e., low-voltage dual-sourcebuck/boost mode). Herein, the circuit configuration, operation, steady-state analysis, and closed-loopcontrol of the proposed BDC are discussed according to its three modes of power transfer. Moreover,the simulation and experimental results for a 1 kW prototype system are provided to validate theproposed converte
