This review explores advancements in refining technologies to reduce emissions and mitigate the environmental impact of petroleum production. Refining processes contribute approximately 4-6% of global industrial CO2 emissions. Recent innovations, such as advanced catalysts, have demonstrated the ability to decrease harmful pollutants like sulfur and nitrogen oxides by 20-40%. Carbon capture technologies have also shown the capacity to capture up to 90% of CO2 emissions in controlled environments. Improvements in refinery energy efficiency and the integration of cleaner energy sources have reduced energy consumption by 10-15%, contributing to overall emissions reductions of up to 25%.Furthermore, using bio-based feedstocks in refining processes has emerged as a promising alternative, potentially reducing emissions by 50-70% and offering environmental and waste management benefits. However, adopting these low-emission technologies comes with challenges, as implementation can raise operating costs by 10-30%, depending on the refinery's scale and existing infrastructure. Despite these challenges, public and private investments and government policies incentivising cleaner practices are crucial to advancing these technologies. In conclusion, while progress in refining technologies has been significant, more research and development, combined with increased funding and more robust regulatory frameworks, are necessary to scale these innovations and make petroleum refining more sustainable in the long term. Adopted widely, these technologies can transform the sector, reduce its environmental footprint, and align with global climate objectives
