DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT :
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in the Dryad Digital Repository: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.stqjq2c7t.Savanna systems are among the most sensitive to future climate and land-use change, yet we lack robust, direct quantifications of savanna carbon cycling. Together with fire, decomposition is the main process by which the carbon and nutrients are recycled and made available again to plants. Decomposition is largely mediated by microbes and soil invertebrates. Using a novel large-scale termite suppression experiment, we quantify, for the first time, the relative contribution of microbes, termites, and other invertebrates to the decomposition of wood (fresh native and dry non-native), dry dung, and grass in a mesic savanna. We found that termites were responsible for two thirds of the mass loss from dry wood and a third of the mass loss from fresh native wood, dry dung, and dry grass. Microbes were wholly responsible for the difference as there was no evidence of other invertebrates contributing to decomposition, even with fresh wood. Using multiple substrates in savanna decomposition studies is important where a mixture of contrasting life forms occur because both the rates of decomposition and the dominant agent varied considerably. In addition, including both a dry non-native and fresh native wood cast light on possible explanatory variables such as wood density, green-ness and the presence of bark, and the necessity of teasing these variables apart in future studies. Termites stand apart from all other insects in their impact on decomposition within savannas and should be acknowledged alongside microbes and fire as the primary agents of wood, grass, and dry dung turnover in global carbon models.Royal Society-FCDO African Capacity Building Initiative.http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/btphj2024Zoology and EntomologySDG-13:Climate actionSDG-15:Life on lan
