This article analyzes the activities of scientists of the social and humanitarian sciences of Uzbekistan during the war years, as well as problems that have arisen in these areas related to martial law

Safarovna, Safarova Zilola

English

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International Journal of Business Diplomacy and Economy   ISSN: 2833-7468 Volume 1 | No 4 | Nov-2022    Published by inter-publishing.com  |  All rights reserved. © 2022 Journal Homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/IJBEA    Page 34    Scientists of the Humanities during the Great Patriotic War  Safarova Zilola Safarovna 1  1 Karshi engineering economic institute, Uzbekistan PhD in Historical Sciences, dotsent   Abstract: This article analyzes the activities of scientists of the social and humanitarian sciences of Uzbekistan during the war years, as well as problems that have arisen in these areas related to martial law. Keywords: World War II, The great patriotic war, science, social and humanities sciences, scientific institutions, research, scientists, contribution to victory.   Scientists of the social and humanitarian sciences of Uzbekistan began to work with great responsibility to fulfill their tasks in wartime conditions. Domestic culture played a special role in the spiritual confrontation with the enemy. All the best that was laid down in the cultural traditions of the Uzbek people was manifested in such a way as to help compatriots deeply understand their place in the general military system. A characteristic feature of the development of culture during the war years was the deepening of interest in the national classical heritage, the history of the struggle of the peoples of the region with foreign invaders, and the strengthening of historical and ethnic identity. During the war years, a number of scientific works were done to study the history of the ethnic formation of the Uzbek people. Professor A.Yu. Yakubovsky came to a completely new scientific conclusion about the ethnic origin of the Uzbek people. As a result of research, in 1941 a brochure by Alexander Yakubovsky "On the question of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people" was published [10].  In 1941, Alexander Yakubovsky wrote the following: "Modern Uzbeks, building a communist society with other peoples of the USSR, are not a people who do not know their inheritance. This people has this people has a long and continuous history of their development in the territory of Uzbekistan..." [4]. This small pamphlet entitled "Towards the Question of the Ethnogenesis of the Uzbek People" still remains the defining text for Uzbek national identity. Yakubovsky disputes "a view that has not lived to this day, according to which the Uzbek people trace their existence from nomadic Uzbeks who began to penetrate Central Asia in the 15th century and conquered it all under the leadership of Sheybani Khan only at the beginning of the 16th century" and offers in return a hypothesis about the older origin of Uzbeks, their culture and language: "The Uzbek people" Uzbeks - Nomads "included only the last significant term. It was based not on them, but on the entire Turkic population of Uzbekistan, which was formed here for many centuries in a complex process of ethnogenesis. It is extremely characteristic that the aliens of the Uzbek nomads adopted in the literature the language that was then dominant among the Turks of Maverannahr and which was called Chagatai. If we turn to the past, then this language will be one line of development with the language of the Karakhanid era, and from a modern point of view it is one of the stages of development of the modern Uzbek language " [10]. Although Yakubovsky comes to such conclusions, relying on scientific and "ethnogenic" foundations, Fitrat would fully support them if he had not been lying in an unnamed grave by this time. His generation paid with life for ideas that - minus Timur - became the official version of the identity of Soviet Uzbeks of the 1940s [4]. These International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture Volume 1, No 4 |        Nov - 2022   Published by inter-publishing.com  |  All rights reserved. © 2022 Journal Homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/IJBEA    Page 35  scientific results achieved in the field of history, this information about the origin of the Uzbek people and its historical roots are of great importance to the Uzbek people. In 1942, at the initiative of the Department of History and Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a scientific session was held in Tashkent dedicated to the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Central Asia. Famous scientists participated in it, such as S.P. Tolstov, A.D. Udaltsov, K.V. Trever, I.I. Umnyakov, A.N. Bernstam, L.A. Matsulevich, M.M. Gerasimov, N.A. Kisyakov, V.V. Ginzburg, A.Y. Yakubovsky [9] At this scientific conference, the issue of the history of the origin of the Uzbek people was widely discussed. A great attention to the history of Uzbekistan led to the replenishment of historical literature. For example, historians of the republic have completed the preparation of the two-volume "History of the Peoples of Uzbekistan." M.E. Voronets, Ya.G. Ғulomov, V.Yu. Zokhidov, I.K. Dodonov, H.Sh. Inoyatov, Z.Sh. Razhabov, A.A. Semenov, O.A. Sukhareva, V.A.Sa. worked together in the creation of this book Shishkin, K.V. Trever, A.K. Borovkov, Yu.V. Gotier, P.P. Ivanov, M.V. Nechkin, as well as famous scientists of Moscow and Leningrad - S.V. Bakhrushin, S.P. Tolstov, A.Yu. Yakubovsky [6]. Scientists of the Institute of History and Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan prepared during the war for publication valuable works on the primitive communal system in the territory of the region, on the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Central Asia, their life and centuries-old culture. Employees of the Institute of Language and Literature published "A Short Course in Uzbek Literature," "Uzbek-Russian Dictionary," "Essays on the History of the Uzbek Language," conducted a deep study in the field of ancient Uzbek language [2]. Much attention was paid to the study of the socio-philosophical and natural science thought of the peoples of the Central Asian region. A significant contribution to the development of the problems of the history of philosophy was made by I.M. Muminov. During the war years, archaeological research in Uzbekistan also received significant development. The works of M.E. Mason, S.P. Tolstov, Y.G. Gulyamov and other Uzbek scientists contributed to the development of archeology, the enrichment of science with the most important data that revealed the role of Central Asia in the development of world culture, describing the history of the formation of national statehood. Despite the severity of the war years, archaeological research continued. In 1945, the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences led by S.P. Tolstov and Y.G. Gulyamov conducted research work, studying cultural monuments of various historical periods of the Khorezm oasis [7]. In 1944-1945, the ruins of the city of Varakhsha, located in the Bukhara region, were studied. In 1944, the "Institute for the Study of Oriental Manuscripts" was later renamed the "Institute of Oriental Studies." The activities of the institute had a special place in science. The manuscript fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies was created in 1870 at the Tashkent City Library, its fund remained insignificant. In 1912, the number of manuscripts of the foundation reached 300 volumes. During the war years, strict measures were taken to collect unique and rare manuscripts. In this scientific institution, old people gathered who studied at the madrasah. In order to create conditions for the elderly, a small garden was allocated in Choponot near Tashkent. There were rumors that "the Institute of Manuscripts Kara-Niyazov collected only reading namaz" [8]. During the war years, 6102 volumes of manuscripts and almost 6,000 lithographic books gathered in the institute's fund. Institute employees D.G. Voronovsky, A. Rasulov, B. Zokhidov, E. Muhammadkhodzhaev, under the guidance of Professor A.A. Semenov, worked on a number of oriental manuscripts [1]. Thanks to the efforts of scholars of the Institute of Oriental Studies, many manuscripts were collected from a number of ancient cities, such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Margilan and Termez. The Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan has seriously engaged in the transition to Russian graphics. At the same time, work continued on the study of the life and activities of the great Uzbek poet Alisher Navoi. Scientists of Uzbekistan, Moscow and Leningrad jointly prepared a monograph on the history of the Uzbek language and literature. Scientists of this field H.T. Zaripov, G.K. Karimov, H.R. Yakubov, A.K. Borovkov and others carried out fruitful work during the war years. Under the guidance of International Journal of Biological Engineering and Agriculture Volume 1, No 4 |        Nov - 2022   Published by inter-publishing.com  |  All rights reserved. © 2022 Journal Homepage: https://inter-publishing.com/index.php/IJBEA    Page 36  Professor E. Bertels, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the history of Uzbek literature and the works of a number of Uzbek classics were prepared for publication. Research was conducted in the field of modern Uzbek grammar, explanatory dictionaries were compiled - Uzbek-Russian and Russian-Uzbek. In a short time, various scientific societies and organizations of scientists were created in Uzbekistan. In 1942, the Council of Scientific and Engineering and Technical Societies of Uzbekistan (UzNITO) was created. It included 16 societies - machine builders, steelworkers, metallurgists, miners, geologists, chemists, railway workers, etc. The number of UzNITO members in 1943 amounted to 2,200 people. In 1945, its members numbered 1,800 people through re-evacuation [5]. Under the chairmanship of Kara-Niyazov, the "Anti-Fascist Organization of Scientists of Uzbekistan" was created. S. Umarov, V. Romanovsky, M. Shatel, L. Brodsky conducted activities in this organization [3]. Talking about the undoubted achievements of domestic science, it should be emphasized that the level of science in the pre-war years would have been much deeper and more significant if its development had not been negatively affected by the administrative methods of leading science, established in the context of the totalitarian regime, the cult of personality and mass repressions of 20-30 years. This affected many advanced areas of technology, biology, agriculture and social sciences. "The transfer of methods of political struggle to the scientific environment, the monopoly of certain areas negatively affected the development of a number of branches of science, prevented the penetration of new ideas and ideas into the natural sciences, contributed to dogmatism and scholarship" in social science. Despite the political state of wartime, the war further aggravated the problem of a direct merger of the interests of science and production, and required a clear and reasonable coordination of the efforts of related branches of science. Special commissions played an important role in coordinating the efforts of scientists to fulfill defense missions. They comprehensively and promptly solved complex and diverse problems facing the scientific community, attracted specialists from various departments to work connected scientists' plans with the tasks of the military economy and scientific and technical assistance to the front. Literature 1. Axunova M.A., Lunin B.V. Istoriya istoricheskoy nauki v Uzbekistane. –T.: 1970 –S. 104.  2. Golovanov A.A. Saidov I.M. Vklad Uzbekistana v pobedu nad fashizmom. – Samarkand: SamGU, 2006. Chast' II. –S. 41.  3. Kari-Niyazov T.N. Fan shtabi urush yillarida. //Fan va turmush, 1970. №5. 4. Khalid A. Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR // Cornell Universiyu Press. 2015. https://caa-network.org/archives.  5. Mehnat va turmush, 1974. №9, –B. 17.  6. Sadikov A. Rojdennaya v voynu. //Zvezda Vostoka, 1975. №12, –S. 124. 7. Tolstov S.P. Qadimgi Xorazm madaniyatini izlab. –T.: 1964.  8. Fan va turmush, 1970. №5, –B. 6.  9. Shoniyozov K. O‘zbek xalqining shakllanishi jarayoni. –T.: Sharq. 2009.-B.17. 10. Yakubovskiy A.Yu. K voprosu ob etnogeneze uzbekskogo naroda. –T.: Uzbekistan. Fan. 1941g.  

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