The method for differing the wheat genotypes according to reaction type at seedling stage was not efficient in separating the pseudo resistant ones. The characters like low infection efficiency and prolonged latency period often were enough to decrease the leaf rust development enough to make another protection measures uneconomical. These characters were described as oligo or poly gene inherited. The method of estimating based on successive counting of pustules was of less capacity according to number of tested genotypes. That was uncorrelated with proposed breeding material amount. The formula for relating such estimated characters with intensity of the ·attack in field was described. In breeding process overcame genes previously expressed throw hypersensitive reactions could be reactivated in new completely resistant combinations or increase the level of the resistance. Such success after combining the incomplete resistant genotypes was also described

Jerković, Zoran

Jevtić, Radivoje

Putnik-Delić, Marina

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ESNA EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR NEW METHODS IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH XXXIV ANNUAL MEETING 1954-2004 ADI" -, UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE 29 August - 2 September 2004 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro Proceedings 2004 -452-THE NEW METHOD OF RELATING WHEAT GENOTYPES SEEDLINGS TO Puccinia tritici RESISTANCE CHARACTERS IN GREENHOUSE WITH MAXIMAL INFECTION INTENSITY IN FIELD JERKO VIC Z., PUTNIK-DELIC M., JEVTIC R. . , .. • Institute of field and vegetable crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, SCG, E/mail: Jerkovic@ifvcns.ns.ac.yu • ;. INTRODUCTION ,The method for differing the wheat genotypes according to re.action type at seedling stage was not efficient in separating the pseudo resistant ones. The characters like low infec-tion efficiency and prolonged latency period often were enough to decrease the leaf rust devel-opment enough to make another protection rp_easures uneconomicaJ (3,5, 7). These characters were described as oligo or poly gene inherited ( 4 ). The method of estimating based on succes-sive counting of pustules was of less capacity a~cording to number of tested genotypes. That was uncorrelated with proposed breeding f!1aterial. amount. The formula for relating such esti-mated characters with intensity of the ·attack in field was described (8). In breeding process overcame genes previously expressed throw hypersensitive reactions could be reactivated in new completely resistant combinations or increase the level of the resistance (10,16). Such success after combining the incomplete resistant genotypes. was also described (6.12, 13, 4 ). The aim of the study was to improve the testing of the Puccinia triticina resistance char-acters at seedlings method in capacity, and find the fonnula which results will be in strong cor-relation with wheat genotype maximal infection intensity after favorable growing conditions in field. MATERIALS AND METHODS The resistance characters values of J3 lines as seedlings were achieved at approximate 20 °c in greenhouse during the winter period {temperature rising below 24 °c increase the leaf rust development). The seven days old seedlings were inoculated by trashing spores. Such method was used before only for reaction type {RT) estimation (15). Applied single pustule isolate belonged to the race 2 (J) was multiplied on susceptible variety Novosadska rana 2. Incubation in high moisture was for 24 hours. The RT estimated after ten days from incuba-tion was transformed (0=6, 1=7, 2:;:8, 3=9, 4=10) as infection efficiency (IF) (6=1ess than 20 pustules or symptoms (for resistant or X reaction types) in the middle of the first leaf, 7=<30, 8=<40, 9=<50 and H>=more than 50). The latericy period (LP) that replaced LP 50 used before, was observed visually six and seven days after incubation and marked adequate ( 1 =pustule appeared first day, 0,8=some second day, 0,7=all after second day. The formula RT x IF x LP results were correlated with maximal inf~tion intensities ~n field of the same ten varieties used for former method establishing. Th~ simulateQ results of last formula correlation were 0,823, similar as results of former used formula IF/LP 50 x RT (r=O, 76) or IF I LP 50 (r=0,827) (IF was the maximal number of pustule ~n approximately 100 mm2 in the middle of the first leaf of seedlings, LP 50 was presented in days and RT transformed to 1::0,2, 2::0,4, 3::0,6, 4=0,8) (8). The results of testing of another eleven lines seedlings at greenhouse and adult stage in field during 2004 were presented in the paper. The infection intensities in field were estimated according to modified Cobb scale (9), together with the leaf condition (yellow flag leaf =YL, dead flag leaf= DL) four times on June 02.06., 09.06., 16.06. and 21.06.2004. -453-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The·tested lin~ were different in level of the resistance to Puccinia triticina and_ l~a.f area duration. Only two genotypes BM 22 and BM 23 exp~ • complet_e susc~pt1b1hty_ as seedlings. :The lines BM 21 and BM 3~ were' i~complete· ~1stant according to mtcnned1ate latency period length and infectio~ effic1e~cy. Lme n~ 38 s~ll pos~ss low l~ve~ o~ hypersen-sitivity. Such was in agreement with prev1~usly desc~1bed-~vert~mmg of !he resistance (7. l_ l ). Expectable was that variety after changes m populauon of parasites firs~ mcreasc the reaction type and after infection efficiency. The relatively prol?nged latenc_y penod -:vas_the last char-acter of.the resistance that single expressed left. Invesugated matcnal was·w1thout-such ge_no-. :'·· .••. l . • types. . .. Table. l. The leaf rust resistance characters transformed values and field intensities of the attack during 2004 of the wheat lines •., ,.. • ... Line LP IF RT LPxIFxRT 02.06. 09.06; l6.06 .• ''21..06 BM5 0.7 6 6 25.2 I I . I I. BM6 0.1 6 6 25.2 I I I I BM 10 0.1. 6 6 25.2 I I I I BM34· 0.7 6 6 25.2 ./ I I /DL BM-15 0,7 6 6 25.2, .. I I /DL BM20 0.7: 6 6 25.2 T 5 -5DL BM40·,. 0.7 . -6 6 25.2 T T TDL BM38 0,8· 9· 9· 65 T T 30DL BM21 0,8 ·9. 10 72 5 20 ·30DL BM23 1 10 10 100 T 10 40DL" BM22 1 10· 10- .. 100 T 20 50DL BM 14 1 10 10 100 NL /DL .. ·•. BM36 0,7 8 9 50 NL DL The completely resistant lines as seedlings could be separated in two groups ·according to infection intensities in field and leaf area duration (LAD). In first group (BM 5. BM 6, BM 10) the results in different growth stages were absolutely correlated with those· in field, beside long LAD favorable for leaf rust development. From second group on which minute rust development in field was present, only BM 40 was late heading with intermediate LAD (seven days shorter). The weather conditions during the 2004 were near optimal for disease develop-ment and wheat growing (2). Such statement was proved by maximal infection intensities on • susceptible control varieties widespread in our region two to three decades ago. The· minute leaf rust development could be explained on several ways. Most common was the difference in virulence of the population in field from single pustule isolate used in greenhouse. In such case the final infection intensity had to be higher. The twice or three time same estimated infection intensities in field on genotype was in direction of early senescence of all leafs caused by stresses susceptibility even in regionally favorable (wet) year for wheat growing (BM 20 and BM 40). The similar could be said for incomplete resistant line BM 38 with exception of flag leaf. The temperature sensitivity of some resistance genes ( l) also could be the reason. or one of. The expectable rust development was on lines BM 21; BM 22 and BM 23 that were relatively fit for growing in our conditions. The differences of attack intensities j .1 ' ,J '.1 ,. t ' I -454-beside them and variety Novosadska Rana 2 (80) which was grown near each of mentioned genotypes as ~rder .~ith aim of di~ cause early spreading increase, could be explained by lower _aggrcs~1on ab1hty of part of population in field that was not detected using the single spore isolate m greenhouse, or again with relative to mentioned variety earlier senescence of the leafs. Even that we used the material that was mostly not adapted to our climate conditions even in one of the most favorable years for wheat growing, the correlation between results of by formula processed characters of the resistance at seedling stage and field results for 11 Jines was very strong (r=0,9827). The BM 14 and BM 36 were susceptible or incompletely resist-ant in greenhouse but without green leafs from the beginning of June. Extremes in mentioned direction or another diseases strong early attacks could be the main reason of applied formula with field results correlation decreases in future application, and was defined as pseudo resist-ance. The resistance in adult stage (13) was never accepted as the ~cw type of the resistance._ In the cases of not predicted low intensity of the attack in field like on lines BM 20 and BM 40 suggested next step for the investigation had to be leaf rust isolation particular from these genotypes and retesting. The method was predicted for with single spore isolates application. The results of most virulent or aggressive isolate on each variety had to be used for forecast-ing of the leaf attack intensity in field. Also, did not fits the varieties with relatively early head-ing together with extremely short LAD. When dealing with breeding for the resistance crucial was to avoid such genotypes as the sources of the resistance genes for further breeding pur-poses. Mixed reactions after inoculation of seedlings with parasitic isolate at fU"St sight could cause the confusion in estimating of the resistance characters values. If we estimate the infec-tion efficiency as density of all appeared symptoms and use the highest reaction type in for-mula, the probability of successful forecasting of the leaf rust attack intensity in field was high according to fonner experiences (8). The differences in virylence of the parasite population to single wheat genotype were important only on lower lcafi After. specially in production, the auto infection was mostly responsible for the maximal attack severity. The susceptible borders in field trial could have some influence on reduction of the pustules appearance but not on the complete symptoms density which was low on resistant genotypes. The genotypes· susceptible in greenhouse with high percent of the down leaf area covered by lesions and after expressed extremely short LAD in field (BM 14) or accompanied with powdery mildew on spike caused by same behavior during the growing season (BM 36), according to applied method were defined as pseudo resistant in our region. -CONCLUSIONS _ • . The data about latency period, infection efficiency and reaction type values of wheat genotypes seedlings collected by in capacity increased method without using the settling tower for the inoculation (spores were trashed) and pustule each day counting, were transfonned for the formula LP x IF x RT. The results were in correlation with infection intensities in field (r=0,98). The formula results could be useful for in field conditions pseudo resistant varieties excluding from future breeding process, the forecasting of the maximal leaf rust attack on the variety in production, or estimating the level of overcame of the resistance by changes in par-asitic population. The extremely short leaf area duration as genotype character, or of another diseases strong development was the main cause of disagreement of the formula results and maximal infection intensities in field. Only dealing with lines BM 36 which aloud the pow-dery mildew development on spike without infection of upper leafs together with extremely short LAD, and BM 14 (only second mentioned character) correlation of the data about leaf rust development in both stages was not achieved. Both lines were not recommended for the regional resistance breeding purposes as pseudo resistant. Opposite was with BM 5, BM 6 and BM 10. I'. ii -455-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . Thanks to dr Momfilo and dr Jelena Boskovit for the tested wheat material .. . . . LITERATURE l.Brow~e~, L •. -~19~0): Compcndium_of information about named genes f~r l~w ~ction· to Pucc1ma tnt1cma an wheat, Crop.Science, Vol. 20, No 6: 775-779. . . 2.Broers. L.H.M •• Wal_lenbu~. S.C: ( 19.89): Influence of. post-infection temper'atu~ ~~--:three components of pan1al res1tancc m wheat to wheat leaf rust. Euphytica. vol. 41 no. 3. p. 215-224. • • •. · • 3J~cobs, 1?. ( 1990): Abortion of infection structures of wheat leaf rust in susceptible and _par-t1allz resistant wheat genotypes, Euphitica. Vol. 45, 1: 81-86. 4Jerkovi~. Z. ( 1992): Naslcdjivanjc nekompletnc otpomo~i prcma.Puccinia recondita. ritici. Dokt~rska discrtacija. Poljoprivrcdni f~ultet. pp. ~7. Novi Sad. Y• :· ;; :., .... : 5.Jerkovui:. Z.. Jevti~ R., Momcilovi~. V._ (1992): Nckompletna otpomost prema,Pucciriaa recondita tritici nckih sorti p!enice, Zbomik Matice srpske za prirodne naukc~ 119. 'gj, ·p. 91-96. • . • · · • 6.Jerkovi~. Z., Mi~i~. T., Jevti~. R. ( 1995): Accumulating genes for e~haceme~~-- ~f inco~-plete resistance to Puccinia r~ndita tritici. Zuchtul)gsf orschung. Bundesanstat't fur Zuhtungsforschung an Kulturpflanzen, Quedlinburg, Germany, 1. • Jahrgang, Heft 2: 336-339. 7.Jerkovi~. z.. Jevti~. R. (2002): Contribution of non-specific leaf rust resistance in Yugoslav wheat production and breeding. Petria, Italy, 12: 73-76. • 8Jerkovi~. z.. Putnik. M. (2003 ): The forecast of maximal leaf rust intensity of \;Vheat vari-eties in field according to seedling resistance in grccnhous_c. Acta fytotechnica et zootcch-nica. Slovakia. In press. 9 .. Melchers, L.E .. Parker, J.H._(1922): Rust resistance in winter-wheat varieties. U.S. Dept Agr. Bull. 1046. 32 pp. . . l 0.Odintsova. I.G. Mikhailova. L.A. ( 1988): Horizontal resistance of wheat brown rust. asso-ciated with ineffective g~nes for vertical resistance. I. Resistance o,f monogenic w_heat lines to Tatcher series, Genetika, USSR. vol. 24, no. 6., p. 1041-1047. 11. Parlevliet. J.E. (1986): Pleotropic association of infection frequency and latent period to barley cultivars panially resistant to barley leaf rust. Euphytica, no 35., p. 267-272. 12.Samborski. DJ .. Dyck, P.L. (1982): Enhacemcnt of resistance to Puccinia recondita int~-actions of resistance genes in wheat. Can J. of Plant Pathology. no. 4, p. 152-156. 13.Smit. G, Parlevliet. J.E .. ( 1990): Mature plant resistance of barley to barley leaf rust, nother . type of resistance. Euphytica 50: 159-162 . . . . . . 14.Singh RP. HuertaEspino. R.ajaram S, 2 Ach1evmg near 1mm~mty to leaf an~ stnpe rust_ by combining slow rusting resist~nce genes. Acta Pytopatholog1ca et. Etomolog1ca Hungaraca, Vol. 35. 1-4. 133-140. .:.: . . . • . . 15.Stakman. E.C .• Stewart, D.M., Loegering, W.Q. (1962): ldenuficahon of phys1olog1cal races of Puccinia graminis var. tritici. U~DA, E 617 (revised), pp. 55.. . . . . 16.Todorova, M. {200 I): Residual effect of some ineffective Lr genes aga.a_nst different Pucm1a recondite f.sp. tritici isolates at seedling and adult stage of wheat, Petna, v_ol. 12, no. 1-2, p. 159-165. • • 

The new method of relating wheat genotypes seedlings to Puccinia tritici resistance characters in greenhouse with maximal infection intensity in field

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The new method of relating wheat genotypes seedlings to Puccinia tritici resistance characters in greenhouse with maximal infection intensity in field

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