The purpose of this research was the study interaction of plans and fungi in the zone of weak salinization in the DBAS

Borisenko, E. V.

Kolesnichenko, Yu. S.

Meshkov, V. V.

Belarusian State Technological University

 134  STUDY INTERACTION OF PLANTS AND FUNGI  IN DRAINED BED OF ARAL SEA IN KAZAKHSTAN Meshkov V.V.1, Kolesnichenko Yu. S.2, Borisenko E.V.3 1Almaty branch of Kazakh Research Institute of Forestry and Agroforestry Ltd., v_meshkov@list.ru 2Kazakh National Agrarian University, yuliyako86@yahoo.com 3Shakarim State University of Semei, semeisemena@mail.ru  ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЙ РАСТЕНИЙ И ГРИБОВ  НА ОСУШЕННОМ ДНЕ АРАЛЬСКОГО МОРЯ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ Мешков В.В.1, Колесниченко Ю.С.2, Борисенко Е.В.3  В статье представлены результаты исследования взаимодействия растений и грибов. Данная ра-бота была проведена впервые в осушенном дна Аральского моря (ОДАМ) в Казахстане. Были взяты образцы почвы, вегетативные части растений и корни в разных горизонтах почвы. Корни и ризосфера обследовали на наличие грибов. Была обнаружена везикулярно-арбускулярная микориза в корневых клетках растений и ризосфере. В почве были определены сапротрофные и патогенные микромицеты. Данное исследование может способствовать улучшению качества мелиоративных работ на ОДАМ.  Over the past 40 years, the level of Aral Sea decreased by 29 meters, the water area reduced more than 5.8 times, the volume of water decreased from 1064 to 80 km3, the salinity of the water reached 110-112 g/l in the western part, and 280 g/l in the eastern basin. The Aral Sea became almost a lifeless body of water. The area of the drained bed of the Aral Sea (DBAS) is over 4.0 million ha. Naked sediments in the form of salt marshes and saline moving sands are a source of sand and salt storms that carry salt, dust and sand in a radius of more than 10 thousand km. As a result, the ecosystem of surrounding area was destroyed, more than 200 species of flora and fauna were disappeared, and there was desertification ac-companied by decreasing in soil productivity (Baizakov et al., 2007). In DBAS new natural complexes formed passing successive stages of salinization and desaliniza-tion, the formation of lithogenic bases and biotic development. Conducted works on forest melioration does not bring the desired results, and therefore there is a need for more deep study of interactions be-tween plants and fungi in different zones of salinization.  The purpose of this research was the study interaction of plants and fungi in the zone of weak sali-nization in the DBAS. The tasks of the research were following: - study of vegetation and plant root systems; - analysis for the presence of soil mycobiota in rhizosphere; - establishing interaction of plants and fungi. The object of research was the area of the initial drying the sea bottom with weak salinization of soil. The study phytocenoses we carried out based on the routes and by discount areas sized 40 × 40 meters. We determined species composition by the degree of projective cover of each species, as the total area is 100%. We fixed location (coordinates) of the areas and altitude above sea level by GPS de-vice. We laid one discount area for each position. The composition of vegetation and its status were de-termined. Collection of herbarium material we carried out according to the methods of A.K. Skvortsov (1977). The identification of host plants we did in accordance to the determinants of N.V. Pavlov (1969) and M.S. Baitenov (1999).  Selection of plant root systems, their conservation, soil sampling and microscopy we conducted according to the methods of I.A. Selivanov (1981). The roots of the vegetation and other elements (ex-cept herbarium) we preserved in 4% formalin (Selivanov, 1981). Soil (150-200 g) and roots of plants we sampled from horizons of 0-15, 16-25 and 26-40 cm, in the most root soil layer. Each sample of soil we dried to air-dry condition and placed in a sterile plastic bag, which we labeled and transported to the la-boratory. Soil salinity by readily soluble salts we determined by conductometric method based on NaCl, using Anion 7051 device (portable ion meter / conductometer / dissolved-oxygen meter). Identification of mycoflora we carried out by the determinants (Kirilenko, 1977; Litvinov, 1967; Pidoplichko, 1971). In the area of initial drying the sea bottom, we collected 350 samples of plant vegetative parts, root systems and soil. After that, we conducted laboratory studies of field data. On coastal soils with  135  inspired sand cover in the zone of already formed cenoses (area of initial drying the sea bottom) we de-scribed the most encountered plant species. They are Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin, Calligonum arborescens Litv., Tamarix gracilis Willd., Nitraria sibirica Pall., Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb., Suaeda physophora Pall., Karelinia caspia (Pall.) Less. and Salsola sp.  According to the results of preliminary identification in root cells of 12 species of host plants from 7 families (Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Polygonaceae, Nitrariaceae, Amaranthaceae, Solanacea) was defined vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2). The degree of mycorrhizal infection development among collected and examined samples was 73%, including 18% (Nitraria sibirica Pall., Alhagi kirghisorum Shrenk, Stipa richteriana Kar. & Kir. and Ammodendron conollyi Bunge ex Boiss.) with a high degree of mycorrhiza occurrence, 22% (Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb., Suaeda physophora Pall., Artemisia terrae-albae Krasch., Karelinia caspia (Pall.) Less., Halostachys belangeriana (Moq.) Botsch., Peganum harmala L., Artemi-sia leucodes Schrenk, Salsola paulsenii Litv.) with an average degree of mycorrhiza occurrence and 33% (Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin, Ceratocarpus arenarius L., Kochia prostrata (L). Schrad) with a single occurrence of mycorrhiza. As a result of the analysis of the rhizosphere there were identified soil micromycete following genera: Aspergillus – 23,1%, Penicillium – 39,6%, Alternaria – 7,3%, Fusarium – 30%. We summa-rized the data in the Table.   Figure 1. Vesicules in the roots of Ammodendron conollyi Bunge ex Boiss. Photo: V. Meshkov  Figure 2. Arbuscules in the roots of Salsola paulsenii Litv. are outside of the root. Photo: V. Meshkov Table – Micromycetes found in the rhizosphere Class Order Family Genus Species and % of occurrence in the soil samples Ascomycetes Eurotiales Moniliaaceae Aspergillus Aspergillus fumigatus 4,6% Aspergillus sp 13,8% Aspergillus nidulans 3,5% Aspergillus niger 1,2%    Penicillium Penicillium sp – 39,6%  Pleosporales Pleosporales Alternaria Alternaria alternate – 3,1% Alternaria sp – 4,2%  Hypocreales Nectriaceae  Fusarium  Fusarium sp – 13,8% Fusarium incarnatum 3,1% Fusarium equiseti – 8,8% Fusarium solani – 2,3% Fusarium oxysporum – 2% Photos of some soil micromycetes incubated on nutrient media are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.    136    Figure 3. Aspergilius niger – soil micromycetes incubated on nutrient media. Photo: V. Meshkov Figure 4. Alternaria sp, conidia-branch with bro-ken conidia. Photo: V. Meshkov The results of this research confirm the existence of mycosimbiotrophism in plant roots in the zone of weak salinization newly formed cenosis in the DBAS. Further study of these processes continues. There will be received new factual material about the availability, status and dynamics of aboriginal mycobiota on the DBAS. Interaction of fungi and plants in the process of DBAS overgrowing will also be determined. This can contribute to enhancing of knowledge about the consort relationships in disturbed ecosystems. This knowledge will be necessary for afforestation and melioration of degraded lands. We carried out this research within the framework of Basic Research of Committee of Science, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Bibliography Baitenov MS (1999). Flora Kazakhstana. Almaty: Gylym (in Russian). Baizakov SB, Medvedev AN, Iskakov SI, Mukanov BM (2007). Lesnye Kultury v Kazahstane. Second book. Almaty: Agrouniversitet (in Russian). Pavlov NV (1969). Flora Kazakhstana. Almaty: Nauka (in Russian). Selivanov IA (1981). Mikosimbiotrophizm kak forma konsortivnyh svyazei v rastitelnom pokrove Sovetskogo Souza. Moskva: Nauka (in Russian). Skvortsov AK (2000). Gerbariy, posobie po metodike i tehnike. Moskva: Nauka (in Russian).   ОЦЕНКА ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ ХВОИ И ПОБЕГОВ В НЕСОМКНУТЫХ СОСНОВЫХ КУЛЬТУРАХ Мешкова В.Л.1, Давиденко Е.В.1, Коваль Л.Н.2 1Украинский НИИ лесного хозяйства и агролесомелиорации им. Г.Н. Высоцкого,  Valentynameshkova@gmail.com; kateryna.davydenko@yandex.ua 2Харьковский Национальный аграрный университет им. В.В. Докучаева,  lesichka81@mail.ru  EVALUATION OF SEVERITY OF FOLIAGE AND SHOOTS PATHOGENS IN UNCLOSED PINE PLANTATIONS Meshkova V.L. 1, Davydenko K.V.1, Koval L.N.2  Impact of pathogens in unclosed Scotch pine plantations is evaluated by occurrence and severity of disease, and vitality, height increment, stem quality of plants. The scales of severity of foliage and shoot diseases of Scotch pine are described. Symptoms and signs of Gremmeniella abietina and Sphaeropsis sapinea are revealed in all organs of tree, Cenangium abietis in all overground organs, Dothistromа pini, D. septosporum, Melampsora pinitorqua, Sclerophoma pithya in foliage, buds and shoots, Cyclaneusma minus, Lophodermium seditiosum, Lophodermium pinastri and Coleosporium sp. only in foliage.  Повреждение хвои и побегов сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) болезнями в не-сомкнутых культурах может привести к их ослаблению, снижению прироста, деформации 

Study interaction of plants and fungi in drained bed of Aral sea in Kazakhstan

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Study interaction of plants and fungi in drained bed of Aral sea in Kazakhstan

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