Intensification of hunting management is promoted by settling density increase of game animals. It increases risk of outbreaks origin of various diseases that will lead to undesirable losses. Together with veterinary service of the Republic of Belarus spread of infectious and invasive diseases monitoring in populations of main game animals species is carried out, and also the methods of their diagnostics are developed. The developed recommendations allow diagnosing such diseases as metastrongilez, trichinosis, parafastsiolopsoz of hoofed animals, eymerioz of wild boars, echinococcosis, strongyloidiasis, rabies, tuberculosis, etc

Litvinov, V. F.

Podoshvelev, D. A.

Tereshkina, N. V.

Belarusian State Technological University

Ecology, Silviculture and Forest Hunting Management 61 УДК 591.69 V. F. Litvinov, PhD (Agriculture), assistant professor (BSTU); D. A. Podoshvelev, PhD (Agriculture) (BSTU); N. V. Tereshkina, PhD (Biology) (BSTU)  PARASITOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT METHODS  OF WILD ANIMALS CONDITION IN BELARUS  Intensification of hunting management is promoted by settling density increase of game animals. It increases risk of outbreaks origin of various diseases that will lead to undesirable losses. Together with veterinary service of the Republic of Belarus spread of infectious and invasive diseases monitoring in populations of main game animals species is carried out, and also the methods of their diagnostics are developed. The developed recommendations allow diagnosing such diseases as metastrongilez, trichi-nosis, parafastsiolopsoz of hoofed animals, eymerioz of wild boars, echinococcosis, strongyloidiasis, rabies, tuberculosis, etc. Introduction. Development of Belarus fore-stry in new state and economic conditions expect-ing an integrated approach to use of natural re-sources, creates prerequisites for more intensive development of hunting farm, increase of capacity of hunting grounds and efficiency of rare species populations of hunting animals and birds by means of biotechnical actions, acclimatization and valua-ble species of wild animals reacclimatization, their selection in nature. Hunting grounds of Belarus make 18.8 mil-lion hectares, including forest ones 7.3 million hectares (39.0%), field ones 10.2 million hectares (5.4%), water and marsh ones – 7.5 million hec-tares (7.0%). Here are both the grounds open for hunting (17.3 million hectares), and the closed ones (15 million hectares) such as reserves, wild-life areas, national parks where hunting is forbid-den. 74 species of mammals live in the Republic of Belarus, from which 19 have the status of hunt-ing ones. Main part. It is stated that game species are affected by parasites. The only helminthes are reg-istered: a bison has 40 species, an elk – 36, a deer – 34, roes – 40, a boar – 21, a wolf – 21, foxes – 38, a raccoon dog – 25 [1]. Little-studied wild hoofed and carnivorous animals helminthiasis is dicroce-lios, parafasciolopsos, paramfistomatidos, monie-zios, cysticercoses, trichcefalios, capillarios, tri-chostron-gylidos, ezofagostomos, epafonstrongy-lios and many others [2]. These diseases of game animals reduce the quality of hunting production, and sometimes cause their death. Along with economic damage they represent essential menace as a possible source of human contamination. Therefore their prevention and treatment is an important economic task. Within performance of the State program of development of hunting economy for 2006-2015 "To develop complex actions for protection of wild animals from the diseases causing the greatest damage to populations of hoofed and predatory animals" we studied and generalized available ex-periment on prevention of wild boar diseases in the republic. Antigelminthes against the most wide-spread pathogenic helminthiasis causing damage to populations of a wild boar are applied commercial-ly, economic efficiency assessment of preparations application are carried out. Differential express methods of wild mammal parasite cenosis diagnos-tics [3, 4] are developed and introduced. Efficiency of wild carnivorous oral vaccination is studied to prevent rabies of animals. Vaccination of wild animals in the area of 17 forestries is car-ried out, 235 820 baits with a vaccine on the area of 156 721 sq. km are distributed. The carried out researches showed that the proposed vaccine for oral antirabic immunization of wild carnivorous is a high-immunogene preparation. Its application epizootologically, immunologicaly, both economi-cally is justified and is perspective for rabies pre-vention in nature. However nowadays it is necessary to perform works on distribution extent assessment of infec-tious and invasive diseases in populations of main game animal species and to develop com-plex recommendations about prevention of their distribution. Within set objectives the top priori-ty tasks are: 1) the veterinary service estimates epizootic situation, carries out clinical and laboratory re-searches for the purpose  of animals diagnosis es-tablishment; 2) the individual quantity of animals by species and diseases with a diagnose of infection, disease, death is taken into account. For carrying out research the following list of diagnostic operations was used: 1. Parasitic diseases: 1.1. Metastrongylez. For gelminth copralogical researches the tests of wild boars excrements in-vestigated to have metastrongylid eggs are se-lected. Posthumous diagnostics is carried out by opening lungs (trachea, bronchial tubes – large, average, small to final branches) and detection of metastrongylids. 62 ISSN 1683-0377. Proceedings of BSTU. 2013. No. 1. Forestry 1.2. Trichinosis. It is diagnosed during life-time of animals by carrying out epizootic, clini-cal, immunological researches and muscles ex-amining. It is necessary to differentiate trichinous larvae from living and died measles (cisticercs),  a sarkotsist, air bubbles. 1.3. Parafastsiolopsos of hoofed animals. The tests of wild animal’s excrements (an elk, the roe,  a deer, etc.) are selected to invisigate. Posthumous-ly, opening a liver of a sick animal flat worms-flukes – parafasciolopsises are found. 1.4. Eymerioz of boars. It is diagnosed in complex, on the basis of epizootological, clinical and pathology-anatomical data which have to be surely confirmed with laboratory researches re-sults of wild boars excrements or scrapes from affected areas of intestines mucous membrane of killed or freshly died corpses of animals to have eymeriya in them. 1.5. Sparganoz. Gelminthologicaly investiga-ting of fresh thin intestines department of carni-vores, cestodes Spirometra erinaei-europaei having length up 1.5–4 m. are found. These animals are epidemiologically dangerous in sparganoz agent distribution. When carcasses of a wild boar are veterinary and sanitary examined or its fresh corpses pathology-anatomically are opened plero-cercoids (sparganyums) lung-testers – larval stages of cestodes in hypodermic cellulose are found. 1.6. Echinococcosis. When detecting larval – bubbly – forms of echinococcus in tissues and or-gans the posthumous is diagnosed. It is recom-mended to make careful examination of internal organs and first of all lungs and a liver in which the larval form of echinococcus can be from a pea to the human head size. During lifetime of wild carnivores, echinococcosis is diagnosed by excre-ments investigation for detection of cestode Echi-nococcus granulosus or its segments and eggs. 2. Nematodoza of ruminants and wild boars: 2.1. Trichocefalez. The tests of ruminant and wild boars excrements investigated for the pur-pose to detect agent eggs are selected for investi-gations. Puberty nematodes in thick department of intestines are detected by gelminthological inves-tigation. The diagnosis is considered to be estab-lished after detection of helminthes eggs in ex-crements and trichocefalyus in thick department of intestines. 2.2. Askaridoz of wild boars. The tests of do-mestic pigs and wild boars excrements investigated by a flotation method are selected for investiga-tions aiming to detect eggs of helminth. The diag-nosis is considered to be established after detection of eggs in excrements, ascarids in thin department of intestines or larvae in a liver and lungs. 2.3. Strongiloidoz.  Only fresh tests of young ruminant growth excrements (lain in the summer – no more than 5–6 h and in autumn – no more than 12–15 h) gelmintoovoscopicantly investigated for the purpose to detect eggs and strongiloid larvae are selected for investigations. 2.4. Strongilyatoza of ruminant animal’s ga-strointestinal tract. The excrements investigated by ovoskopiya and larvoskopiya methods are selected for researches. Eggs of strongillyats, relating to different families, are similar, but they are diag-nosed as strongilyatoza in general group. Puberty trichostrongilya, kooperiya and ostertagiya are lo-calized in thin department of intestines and in a maw; gemonha – in a maw; nematodira and bunos-toma – in thin section of intestine; esofagostoma and habertiya – in thick section of intestines. The posthumous diagnosis is made on the basis of gel-mintological autopsy data of a maw and thin sec-tion of intestines. 2.5. Ligulez. During lifetime of fish-eating birds the diagnosis is made on the basis of gelmin-toovoskopical investigations of their excrements. Posthumously the disease is diagnosed on the basis of died or killed fish-eating birds autopsy and de-tection of puberty ligula in their intestines and ab-dominal cavity. 2.6. Opistorhoz. For diagnostics fish-eating animals excrements are investigated to have eggs of opistorhisis. By pathoanatomical autopsy of died or killed animal a liver is investigated to have trematodes. 2.7. Difillobotridoz. For researches excrements tests of animals eating fish are selected that are investigated aiming to excrete in them eggs of di-filllbotria. Posthumously the diagnosis can be made after intestines autopsy of carnivorous and detection of cestodes in it. 2.8. Mange. Laboratory mange researches are based on detection of scabby pincers or their eggs in skin scrapes. The material of scrapes is investi-gated to detect mites (either to have their fragments or eggs) or to reveal live mobile mites. 2.9. Bloodsuckers. For researches a hair of an elk and a deer are used. Lipotena cervi species oc-curs in hair of an elk and  a deer. 3. Virus and bacterial infections: 3.1. Rabies. For researches a brain with af-fected central nervous system, as well as fresh corpses of small animals are used. The diagnosis is made on the basis of labora-tory results. Laboratory diagnostics consists in brain research aiming to detect a virus anti-gene in various immunological reactions, to discover little bodies of Babesh – Negri and a biological test on white mice. 3.2. Classical plague of pigs. The diagnosis is made on the basis of epizootological data of clini-cal pathologic anatomical changes being obligatory confirmed by laboratory researches. For researches Ecology, Silviculture and Forest Hunting Management 63 it is necessary to send slices of a spleen, tonsils, the swallow, submaxillary and mesenteric lymph nodes, kidneys, lungs, blood and red marrow ex-amples from the chest bone, selected in the first 2 h after death or slaughter of animals. 3.3. Tick-borne encephalitises are the virus in-fections being characterized by affection of central nervous system and malfunction of a gastrointestin-al track. Diagnostics of arbovirus of infections is formed of virus discover during acute illness and serological reactions during recovery. Sick animals’ virus is isolated from blood, and in case of autopsy – from the central nervous system and internals. 3.4. Tuberculosis. When tuberculosis of killed mammals is diagnosed swallow, submaxillary, bronchial, mediastinum and mesenteric over udder lymph nodes as well as the internals (lungs, a liver, a spleen, kidneys, etc.) are subjected to obligatory survey. Tubercular process is mostly often loca-lized in lymph nodes. 3.5. Brucellosis. Pathology anatomical brucel-losis changes of ruminants aren't characteristic and can't form the basis for diagnosis statement. The diagnosis is made on the basis of bacteriological, serological and allergic researches results. Besides, surely it is necessary to take into account epizooto-logical data and clinical disease symptoms. 3.6. Chlamydia. The activator is Clamidia psi-tacci. For researches tissues slices with symptoms of affected respiratory and digestive organs are used. The diagnosis is made taking into account the clinical and epizootological data, pathology anatomical changes, serological research, chlamys exudations and microscopy smear prints. The di-agnosis can be considered to be made with quadruple and more increase of antibodies and si-multaneously chlamys exudations. 3.7. Salmonellosis of pigs is a disease of 1.5-4-month age piglets, being accompanied with fever, diarrhea and degenerate processes in a small and large intestine. The diagnosis is made on the basis of epizootological data, a clinical picture and fea-tures of a disease course, pathology anatomical changes, results of microbiological research, lumi-nescent analysis and results of a biological test. 3.8. Necrotic balanoposthitis is the low-studied disease of bisons affecting males. At first the ill-ness develops as inflammatory process in a prepu-cial bag. For laboratory researches it is necessary to send slices of a spleen, heart, kidneys, the lungs, affected areas of reproductive organs, the tests of the blood selected in the first 2 h after death or slaughter of sick animals. Conclusion. Thus, parasitological condition monitoring over the populations of game animal species has to be conducted constantly by special-ists of veterinary service and workers of hunting farms, and protected areas. Besides, veterinarians have to inform specialists of hunting, forestry and agricultural enterprises about emergence of espe-cially dangerous diseases among wild and domes-tic animals. References 1. Меркушева, И. В. Гельминты домашних и диких животных Беларуси / И. В. Меркушева, А. Ф. Бобкова. – Минск: Наука и техника, 1981. – 120 с. 2. Маркевич, А. П. Паразито-хозяинные отно-шения и задачи паразитоценологии / А. П. Мар-кевич // II совещание по паразитоценологиче-ским проблемам. – Л.: Наука, 1973. – С. 4. 3. Литвинов, В. Ф. Паразитоценологическая оценка охотничьих угодий: рекомендации по методике исследований / В. Ф. Литвинов. – Минск: БГТУ, 2007. – 152 с. 4. Литвинов, В. Ф. Паразитоценозы диких животных / В. Ф. Литвинов. – Минск: БГТУ, 2007. – 582 с. Received 21.01.2013 

Parasitological assessment methods of wild animals condition in Belarus

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Parasitological assessment methods of wild animals condition in Belarus

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