The aim of the work. To determine the stste of the most common woody plants growing at the urban forest parks

Stankeviciene, Antanina

Belarusian State Technological University

 201  5. Labanowski G., Orlikowski L., Soika G., Wojdyla A. 2001. Ochrona drzew i krzewow igliastych. Krakow. 6. Minkevičius A., Ignatavičiūtė M. 1991. Lietuvos grybai V. Uredinales 1. Vilnius. 7. Navasaitis M. 2004. Dendrologija. Vilnius. 8. Pileckis S., Valenta V., Vasiliauskas A., Žuklys L. 1968. Svarbiausių miško medžių kenkėjai ir ligos. Vilnius. 9. Polujanski A. 1854. Opisanie lasow Krolevstwa Polskiego i gubernij Zachodnich cesarstwa rosyskiego. Warszawa, T. I–IV. 10. Ramanauskas V. (red.). 1973. Dendrologija. Vilnius. 11. Sinclair W. A., Lyon H. H. 2005. Diseases of trees and shrubs. Ithaca and London. 12. Stoncelis A. 2013. Maumedynų taksacija, našumas ir paplitimas Lietuvoje. Jaunasis mokslininkas 2013, p. 61–65. 13. Šurkus J., Gaurilčikienė I. (sudarė). 2002. Žemės ūkio augalų kenkėjai, ligos ir jų apskaita. Dotnuva. 14. Žiogas A. (red.). 2000. Miško apsaugos vadovas. Kaunas. 15. Žiogas A., Juronis V., Snieškienė V., Gabrilavičius R. 2006. Pathological condition of introduced conifers in the forests of South-Western and Western Lithuania. Baltic Forestry. Vol. 12, No. 2(23), p. 234–243. 16. Žiogas A., Juronis V., Snieškienė V. 2009. Pathological condition of Larix in Lithuania. Insects and Fungi in Storm Areas. Zvolen, p. 115–117. 17. Янушкевичюс Л. Ю. 1989. Биолого-экологические исследования интродуцированной ден-дрофлоры Литовской ССР. Вильнюс.   PHYTOSANITARY CONDITION OF WOODY PLANTS GROWING IN FOREST PARKS IN THE CITY OF LITHUANIA Antanina Stankevičienė Kaunas Botanical garden of Vytautas Magnus University, e-mail: a.stankeviciene@bs.vdu.lt  ФИТОСАНИТАРНОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ В ЛЕСОПАРКАХ В ГОРОДАХ ЛИТВЫ Антанина Станкевичене  После проведения мониторинга состояния наиболее распространых деревьях растений (10 родов, 12 видов), растущих в четырех лесопарках, второго по величине города Литвы, установлено: дефолиация, дехромация, увеличение количества сухих веток. Обнаружено 6 видов патогенных грибов: Rhytisma acerinum и Sawadea bicornis повреждали Acer platanoides, Apiognomonia errabunda, Erysiphe alphitoides – Quercus robur, Mycosphaerella millegrana и сажиевая болезнь –Tilia cordata. Вредители: Caliroa annulipes повреждал липу, Pristiphora subbifida – клена. Sorbus aucuparia, Quercus robra были неповреждены.  Establish green plantations in urban areas do not guarantee routine maintenance for all the resi-dential areas: too small territories, some of them far away from residential areas. The function of these green plantations is partially offset by the large urban recreational forests that retained the basic fea-tures of natural forest - forest parks. The state of forest parks in Lithuania best reflects city parks of Lithuania's second largest city (Kaunas) located in the Middle of Lithuania. Kaunas has four forest parks, which have significant impact on the city ecological state. (Tatariuniene et al., 2011). Native plant species dominate in these parks (Pinus sylvestris, 44%; Quercus robur and Tilia cordata, 11%; Betula pendula, 7%; Picea abies, 6%; Acer platanoides, 5%; et al.). The aim of the work. To determine the state of the most common woody plants growing at the urban forest parks.  Materials and Methods. For the health condition establishment of green plantations of four parks at Kaunas city (Lithuania), nine constant monitoring spots (CMS) for trees observation were chosen (Table 1). According to the program of forest parks under the EU methodology there were se-lected six trees for each mostly similar nearest of observation spots to the aspect of four world direc-tions (Manual on methods, 1994). 202  Table 1. Regular monitoring points, coordinates, plant prevalence (K – Kleboniškis forest park,  M –Kaunas Lagoon regional park, P – Panemunės forest park, R – Romainiai forest park) Coordinates of constant moni-toring spot (CMS)   Name of forest park, area Species and prevalence of investi-gated plants X Y Acer platanoides L.K,M,P,R, Betula pendula RothM,R, Fraxinus excelsior L.M, Padus avium Mill. K,M,, Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. K,M, P,, Pinus sylvestris L. K,P,R, Populus x canadensis Moench M, Populus tremula L. M, Quercus robur L. K,M,P,R, Quercus rubra L. K, Sorbus aucuparia L. K, Tilia cordata Mill K,M,P,R  54,93850000 23,96183333 Kleboniškis forest park, 484.2 ha 54,95183333 23,93566667 54,95516667 23,95050000 54,90916667 24,05550000 Kaunas Lagoon regional park, 246.3  ha 54,87616667 23,97983333 Panemunės forest park, 298.4 ha  54,89166667 23,97700000 54,88366667 24,02083333 54,93666667 23,84383333 Romainiai forest park, 223.5 ha 54,92050000 23,83700000 Monitoring of morphological parameters (crown defoliation, foliage discolouration, amount of dead branches, leaf necrosis), disease and pest intensity valuate according to five-point scale (0–4), during July and August: 0 points – relatively healthy trees (injuries up to 10 ); 1 point – slightly damaged (11–25 ); 2 – average damage (26–60 ); 3 – strong damage (61–99 ); 4 – dead trees (100% injuries). Pathogens and pests were identified visually (by symptoms, morphological features, using a loupe) (Hartmann et al., 2005; Sinclair, Lyon, 2005). Fungi names described in accordance with gen-erally accepted interactive code Index fungorum and pests by Fauna Europeae. Damage intensity was calculated in accordance with the methodologies used in forestry (Juodvalkis and Vasiliauskas, 2002), using the formula: V= ∑(n·b) / N, where V is the average grade of damage, n is the number of trees assigned to the same grade of damage, b is the grade of damage of individual tree, and N is the total number of investigated trees. Results. After the most common woody plants (10 genera, 12 species) growing at the four of forest parks of the second largest Lithuanian city status monitoring, there was mainly morphological tree injuries noticed: defoliation, discolouration, increased number of dry branches at crowns, leaf ne-crosis. Biotic factors, noticed diseases and pests intensity change of individual  tree species (Table  2). Table 2. State of woody plants in city forest parks, Lithuania (K – Kleboniškis forest park, M –Kaunas Lagoon regional park, P – Panemunės forest park, R – Romainiai forest park) Plant’s name /Forest park  Year The average grade of damage Defoliation Discolouration Leaf necrosis Dry branches Fungal diseases Pests Acer platanoides K,M,P, R 2013 0 0,83 0 0,83 0 0,83 0,71 0,66 0,43 0,73 0 0,83 2014 0 0,83 0 0,83 0 0,83 0 0,83 0,57 0,63 0 0,83 Betula pendula M, R 2013 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 2014 0,33 0,57 0,33 0,57 0 0,73 0,11 0,62 0 0,73 0 0,73 Fraxinus ex-celsior, M 2013 0 3,87 0 3,87 0 3,87 1 2,74 0 3,87 0 3,87 2014 0 3,87 0 3,87 0 3,87 1 2,74 0 3,87 0 3,87 Padus avium M, K 2013 0,33 1,1 1 2,74 0 2,24 0 2,24 0 2,24 0 2,24 2014 0,33 1,1 0,67 1,77 0 2,24 0 2,24 0 2,24 0 2,24 Picea abies, K 2013 1,64 0,9 1,39 0,08 0 0,13 1,84 0,09 0 0,13 0 0,13 2014 1,54 0,1 1 0,09 0 0,13 1,54 0,09 0 0,13 0 0,13 Pinus sylvestris  K, P, R 2013 0 0,05 0 0,05 0 0,05 0,3 0,04 0 0,05 0 0,05 2014 0 0,05 0 0,05 0 0,05 0,3 0,04 0 0,05 0 0,05 Populus x canadensis, M 2013 0 3,87 0 3,87 0 3,87 1 2,74 0 3,87 0 3,87 2014 0 3,87 0 3,87 0 3,87 1 2,74 0 3,87 0 3,87 Populus tremula, M 2013 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 2014 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 0 0,73 Sorbus aucuparia, K 2013 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 203  Tilia cordata, K, M, P, R 2013 0,31 0,4 0,75 1,22 0 0,44 0,31 0,39 3,23 0,34 1 0,27 2014 0,31 0,4 0,75 1,22 0 0,44 0,31 0,39 1,71 0,24 1,15 0,3 Quercus robur K, M, M, P 2013 0 0,58 0 0,58 0 0,58 0,1 0,56 2,2 0,34 0 0,58 2014 0 0,58 0 0,58 0 0,58 0,1 0,56 1,2 0,49 0 0,58 Quercus rubra K 2013 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 Similarly like in all Lithuania forest parks, among growing Picea abies, most common matters are rarefy crowns, abundance of dry branches; also Fraxinus excelsior distinguish oneself with dry branches (pathogens and climate influence are the causes). Leaf of Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Quercus robur, Populus x canadensis and P. tremula were injured by fungi – pathogens and saprotro-phes. The best status had plants of these species: Quercus rubra, Sorbus aucuparia (Table 2). Plants of three species were injured by six species of fungal disease agents and fungi- saprotro-phes – sooty mould agents, and four species of pests did harm on two species of woody plants grow-ing at city forest park (Table 3).  Table 3. Fungal disease agents and pests injuring woody plants growing at city forest parks, Lithuania (K – Kleboniškis forest park, M –Kaunas Lagoon regional park, P – Panemunės forest park, R – Romainiai forest park) Host plant Year Disease agents, pests The average grade of dam-age Diseases Acer platanoides L. K,M,P, R  2013 Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. 0,89 0,47 2014 1,00 0,46 2014 Sawadaea tulasnei (Fuckel) Homma (= Uncinula tulasnei) 0,11 0,62 Quercus robur L.  K,M,P,R  2013 Apiognomonia errabunda (Roberto ex Desm.) Höhn (=) 0,50 0,26 2014 0,05 0,09 2013 Erysiphe alphitoides (Griffon & Maubl.) U. Braun & S. Takam. (=Microsphaera alphitoides) 1,63 0,15 2014 2,06 0,18 Tilia cordata Mill. K,M,P,R 2013 Mycosphaerella millegrana (Cooke) J. Schröt. (= Cercospora microsora Sacc., Passalora microsora (Sacc.) U. Braun) 1,36 0,33 2,00 0,3 2014 2013 Didymosphaeria petrakiana Sacc. 0,50 0,33 2014 1,50 0,97 2013 Sooty mould (agents: Fumago spp., Cladosporium sp. et al.) 1,89 0,3 2014 2,80 0,3 Pests Tilia cordata Mill. K,M,P,R 2013 Caliroa annulipes (Klug 1816) 1,18 0,35 2014 2 2,24 2013 Phyllonorycter issikii (Kumata, 1963) 0,53 0,25 2013 0,27 0,48 2013 Eucallipterus tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758) 1,89 0,3 2014 2,80 0,3 Acer platanoides L. K,M,P, R 2013 Pristiphora subbifida (C. G. Thomson 1871) 1,08 0,45 2014 1,00 0,52 Detected six species of fungal disease agents: leaves of Norway maple (Acer platanoides) were injured by leaf spots agent Rhytisma acerinum and mildew (agent – Sawadea bicornis); leaves of common oak (Quercus robur) injured Apiognomonia errabunda and Erysiphe alphitoides; and small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) – Mycosphaerella millegrana, sooty mould (agents: Fumago spp., Cladosporium sp. et al). Pests: Caliroa annulipes, Phyllonorycter issikii and Eucalipterus tiliae in- 204  jured small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata), Pristiphora subbifida – Norway maple (Acer platanoides) (Table 3). Mildew agents are common pathogens of some Lithuanian woody plants. Erysiphe alphitoides in all of the constant monitoring spots injured Quercus robur, Acer platanoides was injured by mil-dew agent (Sawadaea tulasnei), leaf spots also did injuries (agent – Rhytisma acerinum, annually spread in Lithuanian green plantations). Tilia cordata was noticed to have stronger injuries done by leaf spots (Mycosphaerella millegrana), sooty mould fungi and leave spot (Didymosphaeria petrakiana) which have outspreaded in Lithuania during recent years. The last one mentioned above was mostly common only at Kleboniškis forest park, which is specific for its humid areas; humidity stimulates the spread of this leave spot. Widespread pest – aphid (Eucalipterus tiliae) harms linden directly by sucking juice from leaf tissues and also indirectly – coating leaves with honeydew, which appears to be a good substrate for sooty mould agents. Sooty mould fungi are found on leaves of all linden species but they are most abundant on Tilia cordata. The nutritional substrate here is produced not only by linden aphis (Eucalipterus tiliae), which appear on linden leaves at the beginning of summer in greater amount, but also the plant itself isolates organic substances under sudden changes in temperature (Sinclair et al., 2005). Sooty mould reside less in rainy summers, since heavy rains washes sugary substrate and my-celium away from the leaves. Densely growing trees, creating shadows on each other, c reate favorable conditions for the spread of sooty mould fungi.  Only at Romainiai forest park maple sawfly (Pristiphora subbifida) had spread itself and in-jured single trees by 3 grades. The increased occurrence of this pest began three years ago. Moth Phyllonorycter issikii injured Tilia cordata trees at Kleboniškis forest park and Panemunė pinewood park up to 3 grades, the intensity of these injuries have increased in recent years. Conclusions. After the monitoring of woody plants (10 genus, 12 species) commonly growing at four of forest parks at the second largest Lithuanian city, there were assessed: trees were mostly injured by defoliation (average damage grade – 0–1.64); discolouration (0–1.39), number of dry branches at crowns (0–1.84). Detected 6 species of fungal disease agents: Norway maple (Acer platanoides) injured Rhytisma acerinum, Sawadea bicornis; common oak (Quercus robur) – Apiognomonia errabunda, Erysiphe alphitoides, small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) – Mycosphaerella millegrana, Didymosphaeria petrakiana and sooty mould agents. Less pest damage were: Caliroa annulipes, Phyllonorycter issikii, Eucalipterus tiliae on small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata); Pristiphora subbifida on Norway maple (Acer platanoides).  References Index fungorum [previewed 2015-03-20]. Access via the Internet http://www.indexfungorum.org/ Hartmann G., Nienhaus F., Butin H., 1988. Farbatlas Waldsschaden: Diagnose von Baukrankheiuten. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 256 p. Fauna Europeae [previewed 2015-03-20]. Access via the Internet http://www.faunaeur.org/ Juodvalkis A., Vasiliauskas A. 2002. Drying Extent of Lithuanian Ash-tree Woods and Factors Pre-determining it. Vagos, 56(9), p. 17–22. (in Lithuanian). Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment, monitoring and anglysis of the effects of air pollution on forest, 1994. 3nt edition. Edited by the Programme Coordinating Centres Hamburg and Prague. 177 p. Sinclair W. A., Lyon H. H. 2005. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Ithaca and London, p. 660.  Tatariūnienė A., Dringelis L., Ramanauskas A. et al. 2011. The urban environment: the natural envi-ronment. Kaunas city general plan of the current state analysis study. Kaunas T. 2, D, Vilnius, p.18–45. (in Lithuanian). Research carried out under contract with the city of Kaunas Municipality Environmental Depart-ment (contract: No. 2013-07-30, SR-1537).        

Phytosanitary condition of woody plants growing in forest parks in the city of Lithuania

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Phytosanitary condition of woody plants growing in forest parks in the city of Lithuania

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