Researches on various ways of making and technology of cultivation of saplings of a Picea Abies at the compacted schools are conducted. Dependence of application of different practies on individual qualities of saplings, such as the mass of root system, a ratio of above-ground and root parts, diameter of a root neck and height is established. The best term of a making of the compacted school is the late summer during the maximum growth of roots – from August 1 to September 5. Planting at a later date amounts to their winter storage

Kruk, N. К.

Volkovich, А. P.

Yakimov, N. I.

Belarusian State Technological University

Forest Regeneration and Forest Growing 99 FOREST REGENERATION  AND FOREST GROWING    УДК 630*232.324.3 N. К. Кruk, PhD (Biology), assistant professor (BSTU); N. I. Yakimov, PhD (Agriculture), assistant professor, head of department (BSTU); А. P. Volkovich, PhD (Agriculture), assistant professor (BSTU) MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF NORWAY SPRUCE SEEDLINGS GROWING IN NURSERIES  Researches on various ways of making and technology of cultivation of saplings of a Picea Abies at the compacted schools are conducted. Dependence of application of different practies on individual qualities of saplings, such as the mass of root system, a ratio of above-ground and root parts, diameter of a root neck and height is established. The best term of a making of the compacted school is the late summer during the maximum growth of roots – from August 1 to September 5. Planting at a later date amounts to their winter storage. Introduction. The State Programme for Fore-stry Development of the Republic of Belarus for 2011–2015 provides research and implementation of intensive agrotechnologies of open and pro-tected ground cultivation using the newest growth regulators, pesticides, micronutrient fertilizers and plant irrigation systems [1]. Great attention is paid to the use of large-sized planting material for forest cultures cultivation, which requires techni-cally sound approach to forest nursery establish-ment. It’s particularly topical for nurseries laid out for Norway spruce transplants that are sown on high density plant beds. Implementation of comprehensive mechanization to cover all stages from nursery establishment to planting material lifting will help to obtain more high quality trans-plants in short terms. The main advantage of transplanted seeding over direct seeding is that a transplant is quite a large tree with crown, trunk and root system. Transplants sooner enter a pe-riod of rapid growth, sooner get beyond negative influence of grassland vegetation and low-value broadleaved species. Plan of Measures of the Ministry of Forestry provides phase transition of forestry establishments to Norway spruce cultivation using exceptionally large-sized planting material [2]. Use of spruce tree transplants helps to avoid numerous time consum-ing agrotechnical treatment. Previous technologies of cultivating of large-sized planting material, which also include a Russian technology of culti-vating large-sized seedlings without transplanta-tion, didn’t provide resulting high quality material [3]. Individual characteristics of a transplant in-clude the following: tree crown shape and root sys-tem shape, correlation between aerial part and roots, root neck diameter and height, presence and condition of apical bud on the leading shoot [4]. Therefore it’s necessary to work out innovating technologies of Norway spruce cultivating. Main part. The technology of high density planting in forest nurseries includes various proce-dures, from land rotation cultivation to planting material lifting and storage. Research of various technological procedures, dense nursery laying out methods and growth technique influence on plant-ing material quality were conducted in forest nur-series in various geobotanical subzones. It was found out that application of specific technique determines individual characteristics such as root system weight, correlation between aerial part and roots, root neck diameter and height. For Norway spruce transplants, root system weight is considered to be the most important cha-racteristic, and it heavily depends on soil condi-tions and tillage system. The testing of traditional tillage system and Yield rotation in forest nurseries elicited range of essential shortcomings, which demands their improvement in the techniques of planting material growing.  The main disadvantage of moldboard plowing is disconnection of the topsoil and subsurface soil capillary links, and formation of over-consolidated layer that is called plough sole. Research suggests that moldboard cultivation together with moldless one allows to avoid plough sole appearance, and minimum or zero tillage in forest nurseries can significantly improve technique of planting materi-al growing. Zero tillage farming (also called no-till) is a way of growing from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage, and the soil sur-face is laid by mulch – shredded plant residues. Zero tillage demands special technique and by no means comes down to abandon ploughing. Zero tillage is widely used in Europe, the United States, Canada, gains popularity in Russia and Ukraine. 100natural processes, which take place in the soil. Traditional ploughing is considered by nolowers to be not only needless but harmful. Falowed field at a by numerous capillaries left after plant roots and as a result of vital activity of earthworms and other soil organicms. Water infiltrates into the soil, in winter water freezes and tears up thin and deep channels. That’s dered to be a bridging phase to zerosystem is also called minicover is also regarded as highly important. In the forest nurseries it’s possgreenin the Yield rotation system. In Belarus nurseries with dense laying out are mostly established for cultivating bulk quantity of largespruce planting material for silviThey are featured by narrow space between rows and not large increase of transplants yield to 100,000 pcs per hetare. We conducted investigations of different ways of dense laying of Norway spruce nurserThe investigations had following options:(narrow rows, equal dispersion of rows), beltmethod (3space), combined method (one or more belts of close planted nurserie3 years are put into intergrowing period of 6ing with the help of Kolesov's planting iron or a shovel, paraplantinplanting machines of new generation (Lselmash», Egedal (Denmark), 2planting machine);late summer (starting on the 1st of August).400,000 pcs per hectare) influences on growth and root nutrition of spruce transplants, it was detemined, that during the first season vital activity dvelops normally in nurseries with all kinds of density, but by the denseindices were shown in areas with planting density of 180,000ommended to use the following pla4(0.25)220,000 pcs per hectare output (see Fig. 1).the present day hand planting is used while close planting nurseries establishment. NoThe technique of minimum tillage is cons1) according to planting system: row method 2) according to applied equipment: hand plan3) according to planting time: spring, autumn, Investigating To achieve high quality of production it’s reAs a result of lack of planting machinery, up to --manured fallows and seed fallows are used g machines (-planted areas. Best growth and development –till farming’s key principle is the use of –230,000 pcs per hectare.0.5×0.15, which provides transplants –4--end of the second year growth declines in -row beltploughs of various constructions, depth of 1the way natural tillage happens.the how density of planting (100,000 to -row spacing. This leads to i–8 years);SShP-ible to be implemented if -type areas with inters with growing period of––till. In this system mulch -row space of trees with 5/3, 2 meters is penetrated  EMI–  -sized Norway cultural targets. –54-row seedling -tillage. This М, –nting plan - PRM218 «Li  till fo--ISSNl-l- i-n-c-y. type belt t-–4), d-r-e-c- 1683  labour intensity, time consumption and ineffective technique. Its usage in forestry should be excluded and replaced by modern no need to explain it in details. Recent years some Belarusian forestry establishments have started to apply paracluding ones of Polish production. Seedling planing and root systems compactioninto prepared Vtablishment and growth during the first year are satisfactory.shows that using this way it’s impossible to receive planting material of high quno normal conditions for transplants’ root system development.shape disc into the soil, as a result of which soil is getting compressed in the place of seedlings planting,bending. Planting material turns out to have lightweighted abnormal root system (see Fig. 2). Planting material of described kind if it is used for forest restoration affects longevity of the planted forestry Yields. Trturely due to badly developed root system. Much better results may be achieved at the implementation of planting machines of new generation: Lproduced by mark). They are featured by high productivity, high planting quality, and as a result standard planting material output increases.essentially differ depending on agrotechnique leel, age and size of seedling used for planting. In low soil fertility circumstpossible to get normative quantity of standard spruce transplants in two year period, so their growing period is prolonged for one more year. Almost 100% of fivethe standards, but due to prolonged perioding on the same spot correlation between aerial part and tender roots mass worsens.pression gets one year longer. In silvicultural prduction process sometimes it’s nelargerestrythe forested areas. In this case to get largerplanting material 4-0377. Fig. 1. Plan of nursery with high planting densityThis way has a range of disadvantages, such as But detailed investigation of root systems Planting furrows are made by pressing VTransplant parameters in certain batches may In forest cultures the period of postplanting d-sized planting material to complement f Proceedings of BSTU Yields which aren’t ready to be planted in 0.25-ploughs of various constructions, i V- 0 shaped hole leads to root systems “.25-shape holes by hand. Seedling eLidselmash 0-year old fir transplants are .25 -year old fir transplants meet 0.2technologies, and there’s ”5 . 201ality, because there are ees may perish  and ances it’s not always  in the soil are put cessary to receive 0,53. “Egedal   No. 1.  of groForestryprem” (De-0. –218w-sized 15   n-t-s---a- n-v-e-o-o-Forest Regeneration and Forest Growing 101 planted for two more years in second stage nur-sery. 6-year old transplants (2+2+2) have compact, well developed fibrous root system, root neck’s stipe diameter reaches 12 mm and more, height reaches 60–100 cm. The use of notch planting or petrol-auger plant-ing allows to receive 95–100% root-taking rate. If seedlings are grown without the second transplan-tation (2+4), even after root cutting they are higher, but have insufficient quantity of tender absorbing roots, which increases adaptation duration and slows down trees growth in the first years. Utilization of planting material of this kind is prospective for complement forest Yields that are dedicated for planting in forested areas, along with being planted on areas with extreme environment (areas suffered from deadfalls and areas where is difficult or impossible to conduct aftercare etc). In the general system of intensive technologies of material high density planting it’s worth to pay special attention to experience of late summer transplantation of fir seedlings for transplants cul-tivation. From the theoretical point of view this agrotechnical method is based on considering root system’s seasonal growth peculiarities and their regeneration qualities. Root regeneration is root’s mass, length and surface recovery after damage, and also further development of younger root branches on its intact part. In nurseries root regeneration most actively happens after their damage or intended cutting. It is known that plants’ growth and develop-ment is regulated by water and soil solution ab-sorption, and it depends on branching of the root system and quantity of endings. The more inten-sively root system is branched out, the larger ab-sorbing surface it has. Total extent and absorbing surface of tender roots in the root system consider-ably exceed ones of thicker roots. Therefore organic mass production value of a wood plant increases proportionally with its total root absorbing surface development. Reduction of a share of tender roots in the total mass and length causes decrease of ratio of nutrients got from the soil per plant’s unit mass, which leads to worsen-ing of its biological resilience[5]. The stated above conditions of formation of wood plants root systems are based on late summer close transplanting of 2-year old spruce trans-plants. Belt-type plantations are established using "Egedal" planting machine, space between rows is 25 cm, plant spacing is 15 cm. It’s determined that root regeneration and development take place in the year of transplanting. Next year in spring it causes rapid growth of transplants. We examined peculiarities of growing and seedling producing in different terms of transplanting (Table 1). Obtained data analysis shows that 3-year old fir transplants grow much faster if planted in late summer period in comparison with spring period planting. Transplants are 30% higher, root neck diameter is 23.8% wider, root system is 24.1% longer. The same tendencies can be seen relatively to structural parts of plants biomass. It should be mentioned that 3-year old fir seedlings have almost the same body height as 3-year old transplants, but they are considerably less developed in root neck diameter and biomass. Therefore, it’s better to lay out dense-planting nurseries during the maximal root growth – from the 1st of August to the 5th of September. Later planting is equivalent to heeling-in of transplants for winter. Researches on detec-tion of features of Norway spruce transplants dense planting were conducted in Ivatsevichsky, Starodo-rozhsky, Gluboksky, Volkovyssky and Negorelsky forestry stations. It was ascertained that para-plough planting of Norway spruce transplants caused root system bending, and it couldn’t straighten in the process of growth (Fig. 2). The use of planting machine provides seedlings planting without root system bending, and further it develops proportionally. Thus spruce transplants after application of planting machine have better growth characteristics (Table 2). Table 1 Fir tree planting material growth and propagation parameters Variant of experiment Biometrics data, g Biomass of a plant, g trunk height, cm trunk  diameter at root neck, mm roots length, cm  trunk needle roots 3-year old seedling, late summer seedling, standard seedlings 2 ± 1 28.3 ± 0.10 5.2 ± 0.06 24.2 ± 1.8 3.24 ± 0.12 2.35 ± 0.09 1.88 ± 0.053-year old seedling, late summer seedling, standard seedlings 2 ± 1 22.2 ± 0.09 4.2 ± 0.05 19.5 ± 1.2 2.38 ± 0.10 1.96 ± 0.10 1.08 ± 0.063-year old seedlings, СН3 22.7 ± 0.09 2.5 ± 0.05 18.9 ± 1.5 0.90 ± 0.11 0.69 ± 0.13 0.27 ± 0.022-year old seedlings, СН2 12.2 ± 0.07 2.2 ± 0.05 16.2 ± 1.4 0.58 ± 0.7 0.55 ± 0.12 0.20 ± 0.01102Variant of experiment SeedlingsSeedlings, SSeedlings, Stransplants after being transplanted using planting machine grow more transplanted using paratransplants’ average body height is 16.6% higher, root neck diameter is 24.2% thicker, and root sytem length is 23.8% longer. The same refers to the phytomass of plants. For instancof aerial part of 4which were grown using transplanting machine is 24.9% more, and roots phytomass is 51.7% more. densely planted, it’s better to use planting mchines, because in this case trees’ growth indices are higher, and root system develops without bening. In some nurseries of Mogilev region they prawhen grow Norway spruce transplants. Seedlings are grown in protrical parameters are close to the ones of standard 2-ground. As a result terms of cultivation of Norway spruce transplants reduce by 1 year, and this rduces production cost.grown during three or four years. The biological   Data analysis shows that 4Therefore when Norway spruce in nurseries is ctice a technology of using 1year old seedlings, which were grown in open As ca, n be seen, standard spruce transplants are S2+32+22+2Norway spruce planting material growth indices relatively to planting methods   а tected ground, and their biom intensively than after being -year old fir tree transplants  Fig. 2. Development of root system of Norway arial part52.6 ± 1.1039.3 ± 0.8133.7 ± 0.21а, -plough. For example, b –Average biometrics data, g , cm  using para    -year old spruce e, the phytomass diameter-year seedlings root collar Using tree12.1 ± 0.207.7 ± 0.176.2 ± 0.22-plough; , mmUsing paraISSNc -   s-a-d-e-e- 1683b – root lengthplanting machine39.4 ± 0.3132.3 ± 0.2026.1 ± 0.12  using planting machine L -plough age of this planting material is one year younger, that’s why in maturity it is behind transplants drived from 2house cultivationtion cost.of high quality planting material in a great meaure is possible to be completed by correct soil cultivation.cultural sized transplants grown in densely planting nusery 2transplanting is late summer imal growth intensity: the 1st of August to the 5th of September.transplants for winter. Planting carried out accoring to following plan: 515 cm, density about 220,000 pcs per hectare. Utlizing of planting machines can provide normal development of root systemshould be represented by mature 2ings. In this case rather high growth indices of Norway spruce transplants in close planting nusery can be achieved.-0377. cm Conclusion.The main type of planting material for silvLater plantingProceedings of BSTUPhytomass of one seedling in dry condition, g,       + spruce transplants  production should consist of large1.5, 2 aerial part -year old seedling. Besides, gree8.247.836.27 causes increase of total produ The task of increasing the yield  + -218    2, 2 is equivalent to heeling     + 3. The best period for -row belts, planting space . 201s. Planting material c– a period of ma3.   root system-year old seedNo.332.01 1. .97 .05  ForestryTable 2- in of     e-n-c-s-i--r-x-d-i-l-r-Forest Regeneration and Forest Growing 103 References 1. Государственная программа развития лесного хозяйства Республики Беларусь на 2011–2015 годы: утв. постановлением Совета Министров Респ. Беларусь 03.11.2010 № 1626. – Минск: МЛХ, 2010. – 28 с. 2. Программа развития лесных питомников в организациях Министерства лесного хозяйст-ва Республики Беларусь на 2010–2015 годы. – Минск: МЛХ, 2010. – 28 с. 3. Родин, С. А. Экологоресурсосберегаю-щие технологии лесовосстановления и модели-рование выращивания культур ели на вырубках в зоне хвойно-широколиственных лесов / С. А. Родин. – М.: МГУЛ, 2002. – 212 с. 4. Копытков, В. В. Современные техноло-гии и агротехнические приемы по выращива-нию, хранению и транспортировке посадочного материала с использованием композиционных полимерных составов / В. В. Копытков. – Минск: Акад. упр. при Президенте Респ. Бела-русь, 2007. – 147 с. 5. Калинин, М. И. Корневедение / М. И. Ка-линин. – М.: Экология, 1991. – 173 с. Received 19.01.2013 

Modern technologies of norway spruce seedlings growing in nurseries

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Modern technologies of norway spruce seedlings growing in nurseries

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Belarusian State Technological University