Based on literature review piece by piece methods of round wood measurements employed in different countries are briefly discussed. The main working method of upper diameter (STB 1667-2012, GOST 2708–75) was researched (in comparison with the control data of formulas Smaliana and a truncated cone). An analysis of round wood volume tables from GOST 2708–75 in comparison with control data showed 
positive values of deviations that indicates larger values in standard volumes (GOST 2708–75) (up to 13% for medium-sized (24 cm) and large (over 24 cm) round wood). However, for logs with taper coefficient more than 1 cm/m) negative deviations are characterized, which, in turn, suggests an underestimation of wood volume in the standard tables in relation to the control data of formulas Smaliana and truncated cone 
(–18%). Formula Smaliana versus frustoconical formula underestimates the timber volume (however, not more than 1%). Obviously, both of these formulas can be used to determine the amount of measurement errors by the method of upper diameter. In our view, it is advisable to clarify the method of upper diameter based on the average value of taper coefficient in stacked batches of round wood (entering of amendments to 
the volumes from GOST 2708–75 on a log taper coefficient of real value)

Buy, A. A.

Minkevich, S. I.

Sevruk, P. V.

Based on literature review piece by piece methods of round wood measurements employed in different countries are briefly discussed. The main working method of upper diameter (STB 1667-2012, GOST 2708–75) was researched (in comparison with the control data of formulas Smaliana and a truncated cone). An analysis of round wood volume tables from GOST 2708–75 in comparison with control data showed 
positive values of deviations that indicates larger values in standard volumes (GOST 2708–75) (up to 13% for medium-sized (24 cm) and large (over 24 cm) round wood). However, for logs with taper coefficient more than 1 cm/m) negative deviations are characterized, which, in turn, suggests an underestimation of wood volume in the standard tables in relation to the control data of formulas Smaliana and truncated cone 
(–18%). Formula Smaliana versus frustoconical formula underestimates the timber volume (however, not more than 1%). Obviously, both of these formulas can be used to determine the amount of measurement errors by the method of upper diameter. In our view, it is advisable to clarify the method of upper diameter based on the average value of taper coefficient in stacked batches of round wood (entering of amendments to 
the volumes from GOST 2708–75 on a log taper coefficient of real value)

Belarusian State Technological University

14 Proceedings of BSTU, 2016, No. 1, pp. 14–17  Proceedings of BSTU   No. 1   2016 УДК 630*526 S. I. Minkevich1, P. V. Sevruk1, A. A. Buy2 1Belarusian State Technological University 2Grodno State Regional Forestry Board  ANALYSIS OF PIECE BY PIECE METHODS  OF ROUND WOOD MEASUREMENTS AND VOLUME ESTIMATION  Based on literature review piece by piece methods of round wood measurements employed in different countries are briefly discussed. The main working method of upper diameter (STB 1667-2012, GOST 2708–75) was researched (in comparison with the control data of formulas Smaliana and a truncated cone). An analysis of round wood volume tables from GOST 2708–75 in comparison with control data showed positive values of deviations that indicates larger values in standard volumes (GOST 2708–75) (up to 13% for medium-sized (24 cm) and large (over 24 cm) round wood). However, for logs with taper coefficient more than 1 cm/m) negative deviations are characterized, which, in turn, suggests an underestimation of wood volume in the standard tables in relation to the control data of formulas Smaliana and truncated cone (–18%). Formula Smaliana versus frustoconical formula underestimates the timber volume (however, not more than 1%). Obviously, both of these formulas can be used to determine the amount of measurement errors by the method of upper diameter. In our view, it is advisable to clarify the method of upper diameter based on the average value of taper coefficient in stacked batches of round wood (entering of amendments to the volumes from GOST 2708–75 on a log taper coefficient of real value). Key words: roundwood, measurement methods, piece by piece methods, method of the upper diameter, method of the end sections, volume deviations. Introduction. In accordance with the Decree of the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko no. 504 “On amendments and additions to the Pres-idential Decree of May 7, 2007 no. 214 and Sep-tember 9, 2009 no. 444” transition to the use of harvested wood is supposed to be done [1]. In view of the transition in the forestry sector to the selling of harvested timber, the establishing an effective transparent system of accounting and monitoring of timber motion, studying statistical significance of the results of accounting gets even more acute. In-ventory errors of harvested timber, unguided by the fieldworkers themselves, lead to a significant loss of the seller or buyer of wood (the formation of “unre-ported income” as the difference of the actual and recorded volumes), the unreliability of the results taking into account the volume of roundwood at dif-ferent stages of their registration, an imbalance in the account of roundwood warehouses [2, 3]. Im-proving timber accounting system is also important in terms of its compliance with the international standards and requirements as the export potential of the Belarusian forests will increase. Due to the fact that the Belarusian standard STB 1667-2012 corre-sponds to the European standard EN 1309-2: 2006 “Round and sawn timber. Method of measurement of dimensions. Part 2: Round timber. Requirements for measurement and volume calculation rules”, the research will have practical significance for the harmonization of regulations according to account-ing round timber [4]. The aim of this research is the theoretical study and practical substantiation of piecemeal methods of taxation of round timber with the determining their limit errors depending on the measurement technology. The purpose of the research is to ana-lyze wood accounting systems in our country and abroad; analyze the working method of the errors “Upper diameter with a certain volume of round timber according to the base table (for “butt and middle timber”) GOST 2708-75”; practical sub-stantiation of the possibility of using the piecemal measurement methods and determine the volume of harvested timber. This paper presents an analy-sis of the errors of the upper limit diameter of the working method. Method of two sections (with the calculation of volume by the formula of Smalian (according to STB 1667-2012), as well as on the basis of Lithuanian, Polish and Swedish experience with the calculation of volume according to the formula of a truncated cone) was used as a “control method” of the group of piecemeal ones.  The paper presents the interim results of the study, preliminary findings are substantiated sufficiently by the large volume of field experimental data. Main part. The analysis of foreign experience [2, 3, 5–8] was performed. Thus, we can conclude that in many countries, taking into account the har-vested timber similar methods as described in our standard STB 1667-2012 are used. Finland, Poland, Russia, Ukraine – upper diameter method. Sweden – the top, middle, vertex-butt measurement accord-ing to the measurement sections (similar to the methods of the upper diameter of the middle sec-tion, two sections/cuts, sectional method, respec-tively). Lithuania – methods of upper or median diameter, of two sections/cuts. However, unlike the domestic experience in Poland while taking into V. P. Mashkovsky, P. V. Sevruk, A. A. Buy 15 Proceedings of BSTU   No. 1   2016 account the upper diameter of timber the value of the average run-out in measured party of timber is also taken into account; in Finland automated ac-counting systems – harvester records data (using a regular calibration technology reader of the har-vester mechanism), a special scanning line on wood-processing enterprises, the tables of volumes of logs are made taking into account the average run-out logs (for certain regions of the country) are widely used; in Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, the formula of a truncated cone (in the Belarusian standard Smali-an’s formula is proposed) is used as a method of two sections. In Canada, the methods differ from the methods of accounting of harvested wood in our country, – volume method, the method of tree length, grading method are used. In our country, in the “forest conditions” (according to the instructions on accounting of timber a forest master (or other authorized person) carries out measurement) a top-diameter method is used (from the group of the piecemal timber accounting methods (according to STB 1667-2012)). The methodology of this study involves the analysis of the piecemal round timber inventory techniques. To calculate the volume of timber its diameter and length are measured. The length of the log is measured by the shortest distance be-tween the ends of the logs in meters rounded to 0.01 m. The diameter of the log is determined in centimeters as the arithmetic mean of the meas-urements of two mutually perpendicular diameters (measured in centimeters up to 0.1 cm, rounded to 2 cm steps according to the GOST 2292–88, GOST 2708–75) [4].Thus, according to the results of field measurements the volume of logs is deter-mined according to the diameter of the upper method, of two sections (with the calculation of volume by the formula of Smalin and a truncated cone). Measurements are performed on the lower stock of the branch of Minsk furniture center in the town of Krupsky, stock of raw material in the wood-working shop of Negorelskyexperimental forestry, Molodechno, Vileika forestries, lower stock of Krupsk forestry. At the moment the results of measurements of 446 saw logs are processed. The volumes of logs are calculated in accordance with GOST 2708–75 tables, formula of two sections (Smalian) [4] and the formula of a truncated cone. On the basis of the calculation of volume of tim-ber, deviation volumes by the Tables of GOST 2708–75 relative to the formula of two sections/cuts and a truncated cone (Tables 1, 2) were identified.   Table 1 Flaws in determining the volume of timber in accordance with GOST 2708–75 in comparison with the data of the method of two sections (formula of end sections (Smalian)) Diameter of timber, cm Deviations with respect to the formula of two sections at a value of runout (cm/m), % up to 0.79 0.80–1.19 more than 1.20 max min avg max min avg max min avg 13–14 9.35 –5.64 1.42 –11.63 –6.79 –9.89 – – – 16 16.19 –9.55 3.25 –15.25 –7.43 –11.27 –17.98 –16.23 –17.10 18 21.18 –8.43 6.51 –11.97 –1.90 –7.05 –21.79 –5.83 –13.64 20 19.91 –4.35 5.92 –5.28 1.91 –1.92 –15.44 –7.74 –12.22 22 15.31 –6.49 4.64 –7.90 4.68 –3.35 –20.28 –10.0 –15.41 24 13.17 –5.84 3.53 –3.93 5.15 –1.11 –18.57 –8.22 –14.88 26 18.07 –1.08 8.59 –5.06 4.07 –1.03 –7.59 –4.09 –5.84 28 22.02 –0.95 8.96 2.48 –1.48 0.34 –20.46 –1.90 –10.51 30 22.40 1.33 9.05 7.59 –4.12 2.13 –18.33 –1.08 –11.31 32 23.04 0.08 11.78 8.47 –0.65 2.24 –17.79 –4.85 –12.58 34 22.07 1.48 9.98 9.58 –2.50 2.46 –14.19 1.07 –8.12 36 22.87 6.22 12.84 11.37 2.72 7.95 –14.48 2.15 –6.84 38 17.57 5.68 12.63 7.54 4.79 6.38 –10.22 –2.42 –6.88 40 17.59 4.14 11.99 10.23 0.12 5.56 –8.65 0.35 –4.34 42–48 15.12 4.79 9.15 8.25 0.39 4.27 –15.00 6.69 –6.09 Note: max – maximum value; min – minimal value; avg – average value. 16 Analysis of piece by piece methods of round wood measurements and volume estimation Proceedings of BSTU   No. 1   2016 Table 2 Flaws in determining the volume of logs in accordance with GOST 2708–75 in comparison with the data of the method of two sections (formula of of a truncated cone) Diameter of timber, cm Deviations with respect to the formula of a truncated cone at a value of runout (cm/m), % up to 0.79 0.80–1.19 more than 1.20 max min avg max min avg max min avg 14 9.11 –6.00 1.09 –12.31 –7.51 –10.63 – – – 16 16.14 –9.83 3.01 –16.06 –7.95 –11.85 –18.94 –16.91 –17.92 18 21.06 –8.65 6.28 –12.43 –2.21 –7.63 –22.97 –6.86 –14.78 20 19.81 –4.56 5.78 –6.01 1.40 –2.50 –16.63 –8.68 –13.21 22 15.08 –6.65 4.40 –8.31 4.30 –3.76 –20.96 –10.51 –16.07 24 12.96 –6.08 3.37 –9.74 4.81 –1.49 –19.27 –8.57 –15.43 26 17.97 –1.29 8.44 –5.38 3.76 –1.39 –8.34 –4.61 –6.48 28 21.97 –1.16 8.82 2.27 –1.88 0.03 –21.21 –2.40 –11.09 30 22.35 1.14 8.93 7.32 –4.47 1.85 –19.11 –1.48 –11.96 32 23.02 –0.06 11.68 8.27 –0.94 2.02 –18.46 –5.24 –13.19 34 22.06 1.36 9.90 9.38 –2.78 2.24 –14.74 0.88 –8.59 36 22.86 6.16 12.78 11.19 2.58 7.78 –15.31 1.94 –7.30 38 17.56 5.60 12.57 7.41 4.59 6.20 –10.86 –2.58 –7.32 40 17.59 4.05 11.93 10.08 –0.02 5.41 –9.09 0.03 –4.69 42–46 15.05 4.71 9.09 8.12 0.25 4.13 –15.55 6.50 –6.48  Based on the above results (Table 1) we can conclude that for the large timber (more than 24 cm) at runout of 0.8–1.2 cm/m average deviations are mostly within ±7% (greater than ±5% level); for me-dium timber (up to 24 cm) at rounout of 0.8 cm/m average deviations are within ±7%, they are signifi-cantly higher than the value at ±5% (as ±7% greater) for large timber. At runout more than 1.2 cm/m for medium and large timber the average deviation values exceed ±5% level of error. The results of inventory data error estimates of timber volume by using the tables to GOST 2708–75 with respect to the formula of a truncated cone in general repeat the results of calculating deviations of data with respect to the formula of two sections (Smalian) (Table 2). Conclusion. By analyzing the nature of devia-tions it is concluded that the volume of timber atrunouts more than 1.2 cm/m are generally char-acterized by negative values of the deviations (i. e. values by the tables of the state standard areless than the calculated amounts by the control formulas). The average values of the deviations exceed the permissible value ±5%, and range from –4 to –18 both by Smalian formula and the formula of the truncated cone (Tables 1 and 2). If we con-sider the timber at runout of up to 1 cm/m, in com-parison with the formula of control methods (the de-viation is from 1 to 13%) for this category the excess of the table values (according to the standard vol-ume tables) it observed. Our data also indicate that Smalian formula compared with the truncated cone formula under-estimates the volume of timber harvested, but not more than 1%. Obviously, these formula can be used to determine the errors of measurement in the volume of timber by the upper circular diameter. At the same time, in this case, we recommend the method of end sections with calculation of volume of logs based on a formula of volume of a truncat-ed cone to be used. Thus, it is advisable to clarify the method of the upper diameter, taking into account the value of the average runout in the batches of measured ro- und timber (amending the amounts of the table of GOST 2708–75 on the real value of runout). To es-tablish the correction factors for runout of logs in the method of the upper diameter a sample piecemal measuring method of the end sections (Smalian for-mula or formula for the volume of a truncated cone) can be used, which is one of the most precise “manu-al” piecemeal methods to determine the volume of logs, as it allows to take into account a runout of each logs. It is obvious that very soon the upper diameter V. P. Mashkovsky, P. V. Sevruk, A. A. Buy 17  method (from the group of piecemeal methods ac-cording to STB 1667-2012), as well as stacking (ge-ometric) method (group methods) will remain the most popular working methods of harvested timber. Random piecemal measurements by two sec-tions method are suitable for establishing correc-tion factors on a runout of logs at the piecemal di-mensions by the top diameter, the average volume of the log in the measurement volume of the har-vested batch of wood by the “group method” on the number of logs, the volume measurement error of harvested wood by the top diameter working method, as well as to clarify, if necessary, full-tree factors in measuring the volume of a batch of har-vested timber by the stacking method. Probably, it is advisable to consider the use of a more precise method of accounting for the end sections of high quality saw logs and veneer logs of hardwoods, birch plywood as well as the first-class raw materi-als, which are in high demand.  References 1. National Internet Portal of the Republic of Belarus. Available at: http://www.pravo.by (accessed 18.02.2016). 2. Kuritsyn A. K. Uchet zagotovlennoy drevesiny pri raznykh formakh ispol’zovaniya lesov (modul’ 3). Sovershenstvovaniye pravoprimeneniya i upravleniya v lesnom sektore stran vostochnogo napravleniya Yevropeyskoy politiki dobrososedstva i Rossii [Accounting of harvested wood in various forms of forest use (module 3). Improving law enforcement and governance in the forestry sector in the countries of the eastern European Neighbourhood Policy and Russia]. Moscow, Vsemirnyy bank Publ., Ltd. “Lesexpert” Publ., 2011. 41 p. 3. Center of round timber and lumber standardization and certification. Available at: http://www.lesexpert. org (accessed 22.02.2016). 4. STB 1667-2012. Round timber. Methods for measuring the size and determine the volume. Minsk, Belgiproles Publ., 2012. 18 p. (In Russian). 5. Minkevich S. I. Forestry and forest management in Sweden. Trudy BGTU [Proceedings of BSTU], series I, Forestry, 2004, issue XII, pp. 61–65 (In Russian). 6. Minkevich S. I., Buy A. A. The practice of determining the amount and quality of round wood in Belarus and foreign countries. Ploblemy lesovedeniya i lesovodstva: sbornik nauchnykh trudov Instituta le-sa NAN Belarusi [Problems of Forest and Forestry: collection of scientific papers of Institute of Forest of NAS of Belarus]. Gomel, 2013, issue 73, pp. 343–354 (In Russian). 7. Minkevich S. I., Buy A. A., Mashkovsky V. P. Foreign experience of accounting of harvested wood. Ploblemy lesovedeniya i lesovodstva: sbornik nauchnykh trudov Instituta lesa NAN Belarusi [Problems of Forest and Forestry: collection of scientific papers of Institute of Forest of NAS of Belarus], Gomel, 2012, issue 72, pp. 330–336 (In Russian). 8. Tebera A., Sevruk P. V., Minkevich S. I. Forestry and forest inventory in the Republic of Lithuania. Trudy BGTU [Proceedings of BSTU], 2015, no. 1: Forestry, pp. 46–49 (In Russian). Information about the authors Minkevich Sergey Ivanovich – PhD (Agriculture), Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, the De-partment of Forest Inventory. Belarusian State Technological University (13a, Sverdlova str., 220006, Minsk, Republic of Belarus). E-mail: minkevich@belstu.by Sevruk Pavel Vladimirovich – PhD student, the Department of Forest Inventory. Belarusian State Tech-nological University (13a, Sverdlova str., 220006, Minsk, Republic of Belarus). E-mail: sevrukpv@belstu.by Buy Andrei Aleksandrovich – PhD (Agriculture), Head of the Department of Forestry. Grodno State Regional Forestry Board (16, Festivalnaya str., 230030, Grodno, Republic of Belarus). E-mail: forestry@gplho.by Received 22.02.2016

Analysis of piece by piece methods of round wood measurements and volume estimation

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Analysis of piece by piece methods of round wood measurements and volume estimation

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