The tested technique makes it possible to obtain sufficient amount of vegetative material for further  experimenting. One of the main requirements is toextract seeds from new-gathered hybridized berries  without prior stratification. The seeds are then sowed into the young bog peat. High efficiency of hybridization at the virginile stage gives good grounds for further experimenting

Morozov, O. V.

The tested technique makes it possible to obtain sufficient amount of vegetative material for further experimenting. One of the main requirements is toextract seeds from new-gathered hybridized berries without prior stratification. The seeds are then sowed into the young bog peat. High efficiency of hybridization at the virginile stage gives good grounds for further experimenting

Belarusian State Technological University

Ecology, Silviculture and Forest Hunting Management 61УДК 575.222.7:634.736+634.737 O. V. Morozov, D. Sc. (Biology), assistant professor, dean of forestry faculty (BSTU)  METHODS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF HYBRIDIZATION  OF LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM AIT.)  AND NORTHERN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM L.)  AT THE STAGE OF VIRGINILE SPECIES  The tested technique makes it possible to obtain sufficient amount of vegetative material for further experimenting. One of the main requirements is to extract seeds from new-gathered hybridized berries without prior stratification. The seeds are then sowed into the young bog peat. High efficiency of hy-bridization at the virginile stage gives good grounds for further experimenting.  Introduction. Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) has gained a reputation of a per-spective introducer in the north of Belarus as evi-denced by the results of multi-year research of the forestry department. During the cultivation on the set up high moorland without artificial watering, crop yield of the best selective forms has made 10 t/ha by the fifth year of growing [1]. It should be stressed that in spite of bad weather conditions dur-ing separate years (abnormal heat, low temperature in winter without snow covering), during the whole observation period positive dynamics of crop yield has been recorded. Potential of crop yield is possi-ble only in case of regular application of complex mineral fertilizer. The plant is resistant to winter temperature regime. During the period of research entomophilous pathogen situation was rather con-trollable, its expected scenario for the future is of unalarming character [2, 3, 4]. Capability to form covering due to separation of parent plants, - is one more important advantage of the species [5]. Due to the number of important advantages Vaccinium angustifolium it is interesting to in-volve it into the process of remote hybridization. Examination of ecological and biological and economic peculiarities of species, which can be used in hybridization with Vaccinium angusti-folium, allows expecting long-term benefits for this at the first stage of study of Vaccinium corymbosum. Different breeds are bred abroad in such a way [6]. In Belarus such kind of research has not been carried out.  Vaccinium corymbosum, introduced in our country, is widely spread all over the world. The breed has been selected on the base of remote hy-bridization of North American representatives of Vaccineaceae, including Vaccinium angustifolium. These two plants are both tetraploid (2n = 48), though there are hexaploid breeds of Vaccinium corymbosum (2n = 72). During the last few years Vaccinium corymbosum has become rather popular in hobby berrykeeping on farmers plantations in southern and central parts of Belarus. Unfortu-nately, due to its biological peculiarities it is not resistant at full extent to winter conditions in the north of the country, therefore, berrykeeping with introduced species of blueberries in Belarusian Poozerie is possible only on the base of Vaccinium angustifolium at the moment. There are reasons to suppose that remote hybridization with its partici-pation will allow creating preconditions for receiv-ing potentially productive genotypes including the northern part of Belarus which is characterized by existence of considerable number of vacant lands of the set up high moorland including into the category of non-forest lands of goslesfond (state-forestfund).  Main part. During the planning of hybridiza-tion experiment, we proceeded from the fact that at present there is a considerable genetic variety of Vaccinium angustifolium, represented by 25 intras-pecific selective forms tested during the long time, three of which are already registered as breeds for amateur gardening («Motego», «Yanka», «Polov-chanka»). To estimate at the fullest extent their long-term benefits and peculiarities as participants of crossbreeding all the used in the experiment forms of Vaccinium angustifolium were a sire com-ponent, and of Vaccinium corymbosum – a meter-nal. Besides, spectrum of its breeds was limited to two to achieve the goal of the experiment: «Spar-tan» and «Duck». Crossbreeding was carried out, possibly, in good weather conditions (without rain, wind with lots of sun), as a rule, after disappearing of morn-ing dew and until a midday heat. Buds of Vaccin-ium corymbosum were pollinated being at the process of opening but still closed. Opening and removing of floral envelope followed by castra-tion which consisted of pulling out androecium with the help of pincers. Pollen was applied into a style by a light touch with the help of a pyramid cut down from a soft rib and put on at the cutting edge of a microscopic needle. Fresh pollen of Vaccinium angustifolium was used. Two-three days prior the pollination anthers together with anther stalks were removed from the buds with the help of pincers and then they were placed by a thin layer on a pergament paper and dried at a room temperature during 24 hours. After that they were poured into penicillin vial, hermetically corked up and stored till the utilization in a re-ISSN 1683-0377. Proceedings of BSTU. 2014. No. 1. Forestry 62 frigerator at the temperature of plus 2–3°С. About half an hour prior the pollination vials were un-corked. Separation of flowers was not carried out after the pollination. Plastic labels were put into the branches with pollinated buds. Crossbreeding was carried out in 20 combinations, its size – 1173 pollinated buds of two breeds of Vaccinium corymbosum (see a table).  From June 24 to June 30, 2012 picking of formed and ripen berries of all combinations took place. On June 31 seeds were sowed into slightly rotten cottongrass sphagnum peat immediately af-ter separation from the berries, by mulched layer (1-2 mm) of finely cut sphagnum moss. Boxes with seeds were put into a polyethylene hothouse covered with “spunbond”. Two weeks later after the sowing seedling started to appear. Peak of ac-tivity of this process: end of August – beginning of September. From the middle of September ap-peared seedling was adopted to the environmental conditions out of the hothouse. Before first autumn frost they were covered with fir twigs. In such a condition hybrids passed the winter and were till the end of March of the next year.  Recording of the plants after wintering which took place in April, 2013 showed that 82.8% of seedlings survived. It should be mentioned that a part of the seeds did not sprout immediately after the seeding, seedlings started to appear within the first ten days in May, 2013, two weeks later, after containers for plants were put into a hothouse again. Number of seedlings appeared next after the seeding makes only 18.2% out of the total. On the one hand this is due to inviability of the part of the seeds. There can be different reasons for this: immature seeds, immaturity of the and etc. On the other hand, as a result of winter stratification, the seeds were under the condition of true dormancy and temperature rise is, evidently, not enough to get rid of such a condition. A complex of measures is nec-essary to overcome morpho-physiological mecha-nisms of inhibition of germination that is a theme for another research. It is entirely possible that a part of viable swelled and ready for germination seeds, in spite of being covered was damaged and dyed out as a result of autumn frost. Morpho-biological characteristics definitely testifying about true hybridity of the received experimental plants is a capacity for vegetative reproduction by under-ground stem which is peculiar to Vaccinium angus-tifolium (only in peat soil) but not to Vaccinium corymbosum, a peculiar spherical form of a bush crown, height loss of adult plants (to 40-60 cm). At an intermediate inheritance, a part of the plants will have average dimensions of morphological characteristics. Dominance in the phenotype of some hybridous species traits of a maternal com-ponent is quite possible. Results of the experiment on remote crossbreeding of selective types of Vaccinium angustifolium  with breeds of Vaccinium corymbosum (Spartan, Duck) Maternal component Sire  component (type) Date of cross-breeding Number of polli-nated buds, pcs.Number of young berries set, pcs. Number of formed berries, pcs. Number  of re-ceived seeds, pcs. Received  monocyclic  seedling, pcs. No. 2 15.05.12 58 30 24 299 23 No. 3 25.05.12 47 27 20 108 9 No. 5 16.05.12 57 21 16 56 7 No. 6 14.05.12 67 43 31 251 16 No. 7 14.05.12 56 34 24 149 21 No. 9 21.05.12 74 29 23 63 12 No. 10 24.05.12 71 39 28 112 23 No. 11 22.05.12 44 26 12 40 11 No. 12 20.05.12 85 34 22 52 19 No. 13 21.05.12 81 43 31 257 29 Spartan No. 24 27.05.12 69 24 17 105 13 Total in combination V. corymbosum (Spartan) × V. angustifolium 131 No. 3 26.05.12 39 31 24 235 17 No. 4 15.05.12 43 23 17 180 24 No. 8 19.05.12 70 35 25 260 27 No. 10 24.05.12 6 3 2 9 2 No. 11 23.05.12 51 31 13 75 12 No. 14 20.05.12 74 34 26 169 26 No. 15 19.05.12 78 27 21 155 17 No. 16 19.05.12 34 16 9 57 7 Duck No. 18 15.05.12 69 48 33 294 31 Total in combination V. corymbosum (Duck) × V. Angustifolium 163 Ecology, Silviculture and Forest Hunting Management 63The material under examination was at a vir-ginile stage by the moment of the field survey data (end of August – beginning of September 2013). In connection with this, it was not possible, first of all, evaluate its true hybridity, therefore, secondly, identify the nature of inheritance characteristics of sire and maternal components.  At the same time, it is possible to make a pre-liminary conclusion about adequateness of the ap-plied procedure of hybridization carried out with-out any sophisticated laboratory equipment that makes it possible to use it in practice. One of the main conditions of experimental plant material receiving at the necessary, for fur-ther experiments, amount, - as soon as possible without preliminary stratification, separation of seeds from fresh berries, formed as a result of hybridization and their seeding.  Conclusion. Received results at this stage of the research testify about rationality of continua-tion of hybridization experiment in combination of V. corymbosum (Spartan, Duck) × V. angusti-folium.  References 1. Гордей Д. В. Особенности плодоношения голубики узколистной (Vaccinium angustifo-lium Ait.) в четырехлетнем культурценозе на се-вере Беларуси // Вес. Нац. акад. навук Беларусі. Сер. аграр. навук. 2013.  № 4. С. 60–66. 2. Гордей Д. В., Морозов О. В.  Зимостой-кость и повреждаемость дикими животными голубики узколистной (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) при интродукции на выработанных верхо-вых торфяниках в подзоне дубово-темнохвой-ных лесов // Роль отрасли плодоводства в обес-печении продовольственной безопасности и ус-тойчивого экономического роста: материалы Междунар. науч. конф., пос. Самохваловичи, 23–25 авг. 2011 г. / РУП «Институт плодовод-ства»; редкол. В. А. Самусь [и др.]. Самохвало-вичи, 2011. С. 92–96. 3. Устойчивость различных форм голубики узколистной (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) к био-тическим факторам в Белорусском Поозерье / В. А. Ярмолович [и др.] // Труды БГТУ. 2012. № 1: Лесное хоз-во. С. 286–289. 4. Комплекс фитофагов-вредителей голубики узколистной в начальный период возделывания в условиях Беларуси / Ф. В. Сауткин [и др.] // Плодоводство: науч. тр. / Ин-т плодоводства; редкол.: В. А. Самусь (гл. ред.) [и др.]. Само-хваловичи, 2012. Т. 24. С. 204–210. 5. Морозов О. В., Гордей Д. В.  Формиро-вание растительного покрова при рекультива-ции выработанных верховых торфяников Бе-лорусского Поозерья с использованием голу-бики узколистной (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) // Проблемы лесоведения и лесоводства: сб. науч. тр. ИЛ НАН Беларуси. 2011. Вып. 71. С. 533–544. 6. Голубика: многообразие видов / Т. В. Кур-лович [и др.]. Минск: Красико-Принт, 2010. 79 с. Received28.02.2014 

Methods and effectiveness of hybridization of lowbush blueberry (vaccinium angustifoliumait.) and northern highbush blueberry (vaccinium corymbosuml.) at the stage of virginile species

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Methods and effectiveness of hybridization of lowbush blueberry (vaccinium angustifoliumait.) and northern highbush blueberry (vaccinium corymbosuml.) at the stage of virginile species

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Belarusian State Technological University