©2000. This manuscript version is made available under the CC BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
This document is the Published, version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research .Idiosyncracies are observed in captive wild animals as regards the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of
anthelmintics. This could be attributed to such factors as differences in host's metabolism, irregular
distribution of anthelmintics due to the way they are administered and worm resistance to anthelmintics.
Previously mebendazole was found to be poorly effective when administered in feed. An experiment
was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mebendazole when administered at the dosage rate of
15-20 mg/kg body weight to gastrointestinal nematodes in captive gazelles. Fifty-eight adult gazelles
(Gazella cuvien) were divided into four groups: T1 (animals dosed orally, directly into the mouth), T2
(treated orally, mixed in the water of a herd), T3 (treated orally, mixed in the water of one animal),
and T4 (not treated). Individual faecal samples were taken before treatment, and 15 days thereafter.
Mean percentages of reduction of egg shedding were calculated for Nematadirus spp., other
trichostrongyles, total trichostrongylids, Trichuris spp. and total nematodes. No statistically significant
differences were detected between the treatment groups and the control group or among the animals in the three treatment group

Abaigar, Teresa

Cano, Mar

Espeso, Gerardo

Garijo, M. Magdalena

Ortiz Sánchez, Juana

Ruiz de Ybáñez Carnero, María del Rocío

English

DIGITUM Universidad de Murcia (España)

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11937162Oral administration of mebendazole failed to reduce nematode eggshedding in captive African gazellesArticle  in  The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research · April 2001Source: PubMedCITATIONS6READS926 authors, including:Jael OrtizComplutense University of Madrid7 PUBLICATIONS   103 CITATIONS   SEE PROFILERocío Ruiz de YbáñezUniversity of Murcia113 PUBLICATIONS   1,396 CITATIONS   SEE PROFILETeresa AbaigarSpanish National Research Council103 PUBLICATIONS   2,183 CITATIONS   SEE PROFILEMagdalena Garijo ToledoUniversity CEU Cardenal Herrera52 PUBLICATIONS   760 CITATIONS   SEE PROFILEAll content following this page was uploaded by Rocío Ruiz de Ybáñez on 29 October 2015.The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 68:79-82 (2001) RESEARCH COMMUNICATION Oral administration of mebendazole failed to reduce nematode egg shedding in captive African gazelles J. ORTIZ1, M.R. RUIZ DE YBANEZ1, T. ABAIGAR2, M. GARIJQ1 G. ESPESQ2 and M. CAN02 ABSTRACT ORTIZ, J. , RUIZ DE YBANEZ, M.A. , ABAIGAR, T. , ESPESO, G. & CANO, M. 2001 . Oral administra-tion of mebendazole failed to reduce nematode egg shedding in captive African gazelles. Onderstepaart Jaurnal of Veterinary Research, 68:79-82 Idiosyncracies are observed in captive wild animals as regards the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of anthelmintics. This could be attributed to such factors as differences in host's metabolism, irregular distribution of anthelmintics due to the way they are administered and worm resistance to anthelmintics. Previously mebendazole was found to be poorly effective when administered in feed. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of mebendazole when administered at the dosage rate of 15-20 mg/kg body weight to gastrointestinal nematodes in captive gazelles. Fifty-eight adult gazelles (Gazella cuvien) were divided into four groups: T1 (animals dosed orally, directly into the mouth) , T2 (treated orally, mixed in the water of a herd), T3 (treated orally, mixed in the water of one animal) , and T4 (not treated). Individual faecal samples were taken before treatment, and 15 days thereafter. Mean percentages of reduction of egg shedding were calculated for Nematadirus spp., other trichostrongyles, total trichostrongylids, Trichuris spp. and total nematodes. No statistically signifi-cant differences were detected between the treatment groups and the control group or among the animals in the three treatment groups. Keywords: Gazella cuvieri, gazelles, mebendazole, nematodes INTRODUCTION The role of parasitic diseases is an increasingly prom-inent theme in studies conducted on captive wild ani-mals in zoological gardens (Kaneene, Taylor, Sikars-kie, Meyer & Richter 1985). At present, anthelmintics are the principal means for the prevention and con-trol of clinical and subclinical nematodosis in captive wild ruminants. However, there is little consensus as to the specific treatment schedule or evaluation of the effectiveness of various parasite control programmes in these animals. After the macrocyclic lactones, the benzimidazoles are the most commonly used class of anthelmintics for the control of nematodes. Most institutions use the oral route, or a combination of oral and subcutaneous routes, for the administration of such drugs (Isaza, Courtney & Kollias 1990). 1 Parasitolgia y Enfermedades parasitarias, Facultad de Veterin-aria, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Espana 2 Estaci6n Experimental de Zonas Aridas (C.S.I.C.) c/General Segura n01, 04004 Almeria, Espana Accepted far publicatian 24 Navember 2000-Editar A previous study showed that subcutaneous admin-istration of ivermectin greatly reduced faecal nema-tode egg counts in captive wild ruminants (Abaigar, Ortiz, Cano, Martinez-Carrasco, Albaladejo & Alonso 1995). However, oral application of mebendazole failed to reduce the number of trichostrongylid eggs in the faeces. Further stl!tdies have revealed that ivermectin mixed with the feed can be a successful alternative to treat captive herds of gazelles (Ortiz, Ruiz de Ybanez, Abaigar, Goyena, Espeso, Alonso & Cano 1999). It remains unclear, however, whether the failure of mebendazole can be attributed to the drug itself or to the route of administration used in that study. The aim of this work was to determine the 79 Oral administration of mebendazole failed to reduce nematode egg shedding in captive African gazelles efficacy of the compound when given orally by dif-ferent methods to captive gazelles. Since 1971 three endangered species of African gazelles (Gazella dama mhorr, Gazella cuvieri and Gazella dorcas neglecta) have been kept in captiv-ity in the Parque de Rescate de la Fauna Sahari~na (CSIC, Almeria, S.E. Spain), as a part of a breeding programme of which the main objectives are .the preservation of species and their reintroduction mto their areas of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study, 58 adult G. cuvieri were selected, of which 41 were in herds each containing from 2-10 animals, and the other 17 gazelles were kept individu-ally. All of them were easily identified by their ear-tags. A suspension of mebendazole (OvitelminO, Esteve Veterinaria) was tested. Three different methods of oral administration were compared (Table 1), namely drenched orally into ten animals' mouths (group T1), added to the drinking water of a herd of 32 gazelles (T2), and mixed in the water of each of eight indi-vidual animals (T3). For groups T1 and T3, the prod-uct was used at a dosage rate of 15-20 mg/kg body mass. The dosage rate for the animals in T2 group was calculated taking the number of animals and their mass into account. For groups T2 and T3, the product was carefully distributed in the water supply. Water was frequently stirred, and the mixture re-mained in the drinking troughs until it had been com-pletely consumed. Eight gazelles that did not receive any anthelmintic treatment served as the control group. One faecal sample was collected directly from the rectum of each animal when they were initially cap-tured for placing into the various treatment groups, as well as 15 days thereafter. The animals were tracked by telescope, and their faeces were collected from the soil soon after being eliminated. The sam-ples were labelled, transported to the laboratory and stored at -20 °C until the analyses were performed. Faecal egg counts were determined using a modi-fied McMaster method (Davies 1990) employing a saturated Sheather's sucrose flotation solution (spe-cific gravity = 1.27). The eggs were variously classi-fied as "Nematodirus spp.", "other trichostrongyles", and" Trichuris spp.", as "total trichostrongylids" (Nematodirus spp. + other trichostron9yles) ~nd a.s "total nematodes" (total trichostrongylld + TrichUriS spp.). The results were expressed as eggs per gram of faeces (epg). The minimum detection level of the technique was 20 epg. Treatment efficacy was estimated according to procedures recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) (Coles, Bauer, Borgsteede, Geerts, Klei, Taylor & Waller 1992). The percentages of reduction in the faecal egg counts were calculated using mean egg counts of the control group as a correction fac-tor (FECRT = 100 (1-T2/C2 x C1IT1). The nematode egg counts were transformed to the natural logarithm (counts + 1) (Zar 1984) and the means were com-pared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. All computations were carried out using SPSS software (Ferran 1996). RESULTS The results of the reduction of egg shedding are shown in Table 1. No statistically significant differ-ences (P > 0.05) were found between the results of the reduction tests and the mean egg counts of the three different treatment groups and in those of the control group. DISCUSSION Ortiz, Ruiz de Ybanez, Espeso, Goyena, Vicente & Cano (1998) described the presence of the follow-ing species: Nematodirus spathiger, Nematodirus filicollis, Nematodirus helvetianus, Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichostrongy-lus probolurus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oster-tagia ostertagi, Ostertagia harrisi, Teladorsagia cir-cumcincta, Teladorsagia davtiani and Trichuris spp. in the gastrointestinal tract of gazelles kept in the Parque de Rescate de la Fauna Sahariana. The attempt to find alternative ways of administer-ing mebendazole failed since poor results were ob-tained by all routes tested, including drenching ac-cording to the manufacturers' recommendations. Our results are similar, or even worse, than those that were previously described by Abaigar et a/. (1995), when unsing the direct oral route. Although Goldman & Johnson (1950) found that freezing could seriously damage hookworm eggs and cause a decrease in the egg counts, this does not necessarily mean that the same occurred in this case. Even that possibility does not modify the con-clusions of this study. Reports of the poor efficacy of benzimidazoles against nematodes have increased during the recent years , both in wild and domestic animals (Isaza et al. 1990; Oosthuizen & Erasmus 1993; Chartier & Pors 1994; Williams, Derosa, Nakamura & Loyacano 1997). This lack of effectiveness may be due to sev-eral factors. The use of incorrect dosage levels of the drug is one of the most widely accepted explana-tions. Most of the pharmacokinetic assays are per-formed in sheep, and their results are applied to other species such as goats and gazelles. Several authors have pointed out that this practice cou ld result in J. ORTIZ et al. TABLE 1 Mean faecal nematode eggs excretion (eggs per gram of faeces) before and after treatment administration and percent-age of reduction of shedding (mean ± standard deviation) Treatment Parasite group T1 T2 T3 x x % R x x %R x x %R before after (±SD) before after (±SD) before after (± SD) Nematodirus 72.6 35.6 44.40 92.4 (± 42.3) Other trichostrongyles 64.6 20.0 63.10 92.2 (± 49.6) Total trichostrongyles 107.6 44.5 57.9 143.8 (± 38.6) Trichuris 528.4 187.4 52.7 729.8 (± 39.2) Total 663.8 209.1 59.77 864.6 (± 33 subtherapeutic, ineffective anthelmintic dosage rates (Maingi, Bjorn, Thamsborg, Bogh & Nansen 1996; Escudero, Carceles, Galtier & Alvinerie 1997). Myl-rea, Mulley & English (1991) proposed that wild rumi-nants could metabolize and excrete benzimidazoles faster than domestic ones do. Moreover, several studies have revealed failures of benzimidazoles even when different species were treated with an adequate dosage levels (Obendorf, Nicholls, Koen & Lacy 1991; Chartier & Pors 1994; Maingi et al. 1996; Waruiru 1997). The above authors ascribed the inefficacy to the development of resistance to the benzimidazoles. On the other hand, other authors (Ali & Hennessy 1996; Hennessy 1997) have stressed the importance of feed withdrawal prior to treatment with benzimi-dazole drugs , as this improves the efficacy of oxfendazole in sheep. They pOinted out that a large intake of feed, especially one of high water content, increases its speed of transit through the gastro-intestinal canal and the duration of drug availability is corresponding reduced . Feed was not withheld in the present trial, but both the effect of reducing feed intake for 24 h before treatment and the possibility of anthelmintic resistance in the nematode strains in these captive gazelles should be investigated for a better understanding of the efficacy of mebendazole in this population of captive gazelles. REFERENCES ABAIGAR, T. , ORTIZ, J., CANO, M., MARTINEZ-CARRASCO, C., ALBALADEJO, A. & ALONSO, F.D. 1995. Effect of mebendazole and ivermectin on the shedding of nematode eggs by three species of gazelles (Gazella dama mhorr, G. cu-42.1 47.4 143.4 35.0 75.80 (± 42.3) (± 35.9) 34.0 53.3 124.6 2.8 85.70 (± 45.6) (± 37.8) 56.9 54.2 234.5 33.2 67.74 (± 42.7) (± 42.9) 387.5 43.9 1 042.5 124.9 73.00 (± 36.1) (± 41.5) 440.8 46.6 1 146.7 142.7 66.70 vieri and G. dorcas) . Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 26: 392-395. ALI, D.N. & HENNESSY, D.R. 1996. The effect of level of feed intake on the pharmacokinetic disposition of oxfendazole in sheep. International Journal for Parasitology, 25:63-70. CHARTIER, R. & PORS, I. 1994. Efficacy of four broad spectrum anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. The Veterinary Record, 134:523-524. COLES, G.C. , BAUER, C., BORGSTEEDE, FH .M., GEERTS, S., KLEI , T.R ., TAYLOR, M.A. & WALLER, PJ. 1992. World As-sociation for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Veterinary Parasitol-ogy, 44:35-44. DAVIES, E.T. 1990. Manual de Investigaci6n Veterinaria. Tec-nicas de Laboratorio. 2. Zaragoza: Acribia. ESCUDERO, E., CARCELES, C.M., GALTlER, P & ALVINERIE, M. 1997. Influence of fasting on the pharmacokinetics of iver-mectin in goats. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 20:71-72. FERRAN, M. 1996. SPSS para Windows, programaci6n yanalisis estadistico. Madrid: McGraw-Hili Interamericana de Espana. GOLDMAN, M. & JOHNSON, SA 1950. Deep-freeze preserva-tion of stool specimens containing intestinal parasites. Jour-nal of Parasitology, 36:88. HENNESSY, D.R. 1997. Modifying the formulation or delivery mechanism to increase the activity of anthelmintic compounds. Veterinary Parasitology, 72:367-390 . ISAZA, R., COURTNEY, C.H. & KOLLlAS, G.v. 1990. Survey of parasitic control programs used in captive wild ruminants. Zoo Biology, 9:385-392. KANEENE, J.B., TAYLOR, R.F , SIKARSKIE, J.G., MEYER, T.J. & RICHTER, NA 1985. Disease patterns in Detroit Zoo: A study of the mammalian population from 1973 through 1983. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 187:1166-1169. MAINGI , N., BJORN , H., THAMSBORG, S.M. , BOGH, H.O. & NANSEN , P 1996. A survey of anthelmintic resistance in Oral administration of mebendazole failed to reduce nematode egg shedding in captive African gazelles nematode parasites of goats in Denmark. Veterinary Parasi-tology, 66:53-66. MYLREA, G.E., MULLEY, R.C. & ENGLISH, A.W. 1991 . 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Oral administration of mebendazole failed to reduce nematode egg shedding in captive African gazelles

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Oral administration of mebendazole failed to reduce nematode egg shedding in captive African gazelles

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