OLIVEIRA, H. N. de

SERRÃO, J. E.

ZANUNCIO, J. C.

ZANUNCIO, T. V.

Portuguese

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?l, S tVe o»YlolSEP 0781-ÉBIOLOCICAL LETT. 2008,45r 23-28Available online at http://www.biollett.amu.edu.plThe eucalypt defoliat or Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidoptera:Geometridae) protects its eggs from parasitismHARLEYNoNATooLTVETRA';l=ryiffiffi trffi..,o,,JosÉcol,azANr,rNcrerEmbrapa Agropecuária Oeste, 798M-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil; e-mail: harley@cpao.embrapa.br2Departamento Biologia Aaimal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil; e-mail:zanuncio@ufv.br3Departameoto Biologia General, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosq MG, Brazil;e-mail: jeserrao@ufv.brI Correspondence author(Received on 26 June 2008; Áccepted on 23 October 200$Abstract: Eucalyplus plantations in Brazil can be d"maged by insect pests from the native Myrtaceae,such as the moú Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), which is considered the main defoliatingcaterpillar of this plant in Brazil. Eggs of T. arnobia reared with E. grandis, gusva or mulberry plantswere collected aud offered to the parasitoid Trichogrotma mcacalii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).All individuals of this parasitoid died within 24 h after contact with unwashed eggs of this moth,independent of its rearing host. Most parasitoids survived wbeu exposed to solvent-wáshed eggs, but stillcould not parasitize them. This means that the moth covers its eggs with 5s6s gempouDds that are toxicto the parasitoid T. maxacalii. This phenomenon helps to explain the population explosion ofthis pest ineucalypt plantations and the fact that egg parasitism was not recorded ia Thyrinteina arnobia.Keywords: cÍop protection, eucalyp! Thyrinteina amobia, Trichogramma muacaliiINTRODUCTIONThe Brazilian reforestations are made mainly with eucalypt species, and mo-nocultures of these plants allow the establishment and multiplication of i:rsect pests,including defoliating lepidopterans, which come from native plant species (Zar.run-cro et al. 1993, GnosuaN et al. 2005, Orrynna et al. 2005).Damage by lepidopteran defoliators of eucalypt species are reported i:r manyregions of Brazil, and these imects are divided into primary and secondary pests.The group includes the genus Thyrinteina with the species T. arnobia (Stoll), T. leu-coceraea (Rindge) ar.d T. schadeara Schaus (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The fustspecies is considered the main defoliating lepidopteran pests of eucalypts (Zeuw-cro et al. 2001) in many regions of Brazil (Gurors et al. 2000, Prnrne et al. 2001).v24 Harley Nooato Oliveira et al.Host originThyrinteina amobia eggs Êom caterpillars fed on eucalypt leavesThyrinteina amobia egç from caterpillars fed on eucalypt leaves and washed with a 0.1%xyiene solution for l0 min, followed with washiug in distilled water, Thyrinteina arnobia eggs fromadults of ls getreration caterpillars fed on guava leavesThyrinteina arnobia eggs tom adults of4ú generation caterpillars fed on guava leavesThyrinÍeina arnobia eggs ftom adults of I 5ú generation caterpillars fed on guava leavesThyrinteina arnobia eggs from adults of 1o generation caterpillars fed ou mulberry leavesÁnagast a kuehniell a eggsEgg parasitoids of the gerius Trichogramma a-Íe important for biological con-Eol in Ããre than 3Q-countriei, against key pests of 34 cultures (BRUN et al' 1984,SonnBs et aL. 2OOT? Species of this genus palasitise eggs of magl eucalypt pests,such as Glena bipennaiia (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geomekidae), Euselasia euploeaeucerus (Hewitsôn) arid Euselasia hygenius oculta (Hewi15en) (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), §arsina yiolascens (Ilerrich-Schaeffer) (Lepidoptera: Lymantiidae), Apate'lodes'sericea Schaus (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae) (MoRAEs et al. 1983), Psorocam-pa dentianlala Schaus (Lepidãptera: Notodontidae) (BRUN et al. 1984), and Orydia'vestiia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (OLIVEIRA et al. 2003)' Thyrinteina ar-nobia plpae arel parasitlzed by Eulophidae (Prnune et al. 2008) but úere are noreports of parasitism on its eggs.The ài* of this study wã to Íind out if Trichogrammct mctxqcalii Voegelé andpointel (Hymenoptera: Trichoglammatidae) can parasitise _eggs of Thyrinteina arno'áia rearàd-on leaves of the exotic eucalypt, mulberry or the Dative guava plants'MATERTAL AND METHODSAll experiments were carried out at 25*3oC,lWlA% relative humidiry andl2-h photopêriod. One-day-old eggs of moths of T' amobia, reared from caterpillarsfed on various leaves, were collected (Table 1)'Table l. origin of the moth eggs used as hosts for the parasitoid Trichogramma maacalii (Hymenop'tera: Trichogrammatidae)GroupT1T2T3T4T5T6ControlTwenty Trichogramma maxacalii females with maximum age of 24 h were usedper treatment every ãay. These females were added to 4'0 x 0.7 cm tubes with drop-iets of honey and a g.s , o.s cm sky blue cardboard containing 20 moth eggs. Afemalç of thá parasitoid was added to each tube for 24h to evaluate the rate of para-sitism and the longevity of this natural enemy.RESUUTSNo parasitism by Trichogrammqwas found in the groups T1, T3, T4, T5 andT6 after i4-h "*poruie of mú eggs. A high mortality of Trichogramma was ob-/MOTH AVOIDING PARASITISM OF ITS EGGSserved after 6 h, andit reached 100% within 24hafter being added to the hrbes withmoth eggs.Eggs of Thyrinteina arnobia washed with 0.1% xylene (group T2) were alsonot parasitizedby Trichogramrya maxacalii, but no death of individual parasitoidswas observed until 6 h later, anã about 70% of them were still alive after 24 h. Thesurvival rate of T. maxacalii in this teatment was not different from that of parasitoids exposed to l. kuehniella eggs (Fig. 1).DISCUSSIONThe use of xylene to remove the protective layer around the eggs of Thyrintei-na arnobia is based on the report ofSHu et al. (1990). Those authors reported thatnanograde hexane extracted substances from scales of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)(Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). Similarly, pentane was used to obtain semiochemicalsfromeggmasses of O.nubilah.s(RrNou etal.1,992). Thepresentstudysuggeststhatxylene removed some chemical(s) from the surface of T. arnobia eggs, which affect-ed the parasitoid Trichogramma maxacalii.Substances covering the eggs of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae), Diatraea sacharalis (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Heliothis virescens(Fabr.) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), SpodopteraÍrugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera:Noc-tuidae) and Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) help to fix eggsof these species to the subshatum, but they also help the parasitoids recognize andaccept the eggs as a host (CoNsou et al. 1999). The present work indicates the pres-ence of a toxic layer on the surface of Thyrinteina arnobia eggs, which may be re-sponsible for the death of Trichogramma maxacalii. The parasitoid develops nor-mally on eggs of other eucalypt defoliators (Ollvelne et al. 2000, 2003). Reductionin the longevity and the higher mortality of T. maxacalÍi indicates that Thyrinteinaarnobia secretes a toxic layer over its egg surface, irrespective of the plants its cat-erpillar's were fed on. This suggests that the toxic compound was not sequesteredfrom the plants but perhaps the alkaloids were synthesized by úe insect, such as thosefound in high concentration in the eggs of Uteheisa ornatrLr (Lepidoptera: Arctii-dae), which protect it from natural predators (EtsNrn et al. 2000). The production ofthese defence compounds probably does not depend on specific materials, such asessential oils from eucalypts (Fox & Mecewrv 1977). Other chemical defences mayact as repellents or iúibitors of digestive enzymes (Meuntcto & ReusHen 1997),so chemical compositions of plants can influence the feeding habit preferences ofherbivores (Prucr 1981). The toxins present on the eggs of T. arnobia protect themfrom parasitism anüor reduce the longevity of Trichogramma species, and appear tobe de novo synthesized by Thyrinteina arnobia. This observation indicates that thehypothesis that herbivores switched from the native Myrtaceae to eucalypts to ob-tain toxic materials for protection (Hortz et al. 2003) may not be entirely tnre.However, it is possible that some compounds that are needed for the synthesis of thefinal toxin can be obtained from eucalypts plants.Other features of T. arnobra egg shells also protect it from parasitism, becausesometimes even after the eggs of this pest were washed with 0.1% xylene, parasit-ism did not occur. Parasitism by Trichogramma species can be reduced by factors,§õão2sÉoà10080o60E4020010080;60=Êoo2002610080ó040200Harley Nonato Oliveira et al.100806040200100806040200c100806040200âàx6oàr0080â3l 60=Eloz00691224Hours il coutact üth cggsFig. l. Mortality of Trichogramma maxacalii (llymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Thyrintei',i iràiii <|"íidoptera: õ"ãr.úa"Lj i.a oa'e,,calvpil"a'es Crr), fed 9l-:u:?lvPt leaves and washed,riO O.f X i,tene (tZ), 1" groúUor'."teçillars féd_on guaua leaves (T2-4ü generatiou caterpillarsfed on cuava leaves (T4), 1jÀJàeoúon caierpillars fed o-n guava leaves (I5)' fed on mulberry leavesiiOl, oitggt of Anagasia kuehniella (Lçidoptera: Pyralidae) (conrol)MOTH AVOIDING PARASITISM OF ITS EGGS 27including differences in the density of the chorion and the quantity of protein in theexochori--on. These $ctors can affect the periods of manipulation, evaluation andacceptance of the hõst by parasitoids (CoNsol,l et al. 1999). Tbus Trichogrammarp.cies has adapted to various hosts (Pnaussoll et al.2004,2005).The host plant utilized by caterpillars of Thyrinteina arnobia does not §eem toaffect the pt"seo.e of chemica§ substances on the surface of T. arnobia eggs. Thismoth species is considered the main defoliator of eucalypts, and the fact that parasi-toids such as Trichogramma maxacalij cannot parasitise its eggs helps to make it avery potent and dangerous pest of the Brazilian eucalypt plantations'Acknowledgements: We are glateful to Brazilian research agencies CNPq and FA?EMIG for financialsupport of this study..REFERENCESBnw P. G., Moners G. W. G., SoARES L. A. 1984. Trçs espécies novas de Trichogrammatidaeparasitóides de lepidópteros desfolhadores de mandioca e eucalipto. Pesqui' Agropecu. Bras'il. 13: 805-810.CoNsoLr F. L., Krremue E, W., PARRA J. R. P. 1999. Ulrastructure of the natural and factitioushost eggs of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera:Tricbogrammatidae). Int. J. Ins. Morph. Embryol. 28:2ll-231.ETSNER T., ETSNER M., RoSSEI C., IYB.IGAR V. K., RoACH B. L., BBIEDtr(T E., MENWATD J. 2000.Chemical defense against predation in an insect egg. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 1634-1639.Fox L. 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The eucalypt efoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepdoptera: geometridae) protects its eggs from parasitism.

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The eucalypt efoliator Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepdoptera: geometridae) protects its eggs from parasitism.

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