Mitotic metaphase chromosomes, karyotypic characters, monoploid karyograms and ideograms of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia were investigated. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome numbers and the karyotype formula of these taxa were 2n = 2x = 24 = 8m + 8sm + 8st for Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and 2n = 2x = 32 = 12m + 16sm + 4st for Minuartia elmalia. No satellites were observed in the karyotypes of the taxa. The intrachromosomal and interchromosomal karyotype asymmetries were estimated with Mean Centromeric Asymmetry (MCA) and Coefficient of Variation of Chromosome Length (CVCL).Análisis cariotípico de Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana y Minuartia elmalia (Caryophyllaceae, Alsinoideae). En este trabajo se analizan los cromosomas metafásicos mitóticos, cariotipo, cariogramas e idiogramas de Minuartia mesogitana subsp. Mesogitana y Minuartia elmalia. El análisis de metafases somáticas mostró que el número cromosómico y la fórmula cariotípica de estos taxones fueron 2n = 2x = 24 = 8 m + 8 sm + 8 st para Minuartia subsp. Mesogitana y 2n = 2x = 32 = 12 m + 16 sm + 4 st para Minuartia elmalia. No se observaron satélites en los cariotipos de los taxones. La asimetría intracromosómica e intercromosómica fue estimada con la asimetría centroméricas promedio (MCA) y el coeficiente de variación de longitud cromosómica (CVCL)

Ero?lu, Halil Erhan

Hamzao?lu, Ergin

Koç, Murat

Yüce, O?uz

English

Revistas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

463Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 51 (3) 2016 O. Yüce et al. - Karyotype analysis of MinuartiaISSN 0373-580 XBol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 51 (3): 463-467. 2016IntroductIonThe genus Minuartia L. is placed in the subfamily Alsinoideae (DC.) Fenzl of the Caryophyllaceae. It consists of annual or perennial herbaceous approximately 120 species found in the Northern Hemisphere, Argentina, Brazil and Chile (Bittrich, 1993; Nicola & Pozner, 2013). The genus especially perennial ones grow in extreme habitat conditions such as alpine, stony soils and rocky places (McNeill, 1962, 1963). It was reported that the Minuartia is a polyphyletic genus and should be separated to at least three subgenera (Harbaugh et al., 2010; Greenberg & Donoghue, 2011).Different chromosome counts have been reported in the Minuartia till now. However, the most frequent chromosome number in the Minuartia is 2n = 2x = 30. Other counts such as 2n = 2x = 14, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 60 and 90 are also known (Çelebioglu & Favarger, 1983, 1984, 1990; Davis et al., 1988; Kamari et al., 1996; Tan & Vural, 2000; Eroğlu et al., 2013). The diploid chromosome number of Minuartia mesogitana Hand.-Mazz. subsp. mesogitana is not clear certain and was reported as 2n = 22, 24 (Çelebioglu & Favarger, 1983, 1984, 1990; Kamari et al., 1996). Also, chromosomal measurements of the Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana are not known. The aim of this study is to investigate the chromosome number, karyotype, ideogram and other detailed measurements of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia (Aytaç) Aytaç, Parolly & Eren.1 Bozok University, Science Institute, Department of Biology, Yozgat, Turkey 2 Bozok University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, Yozgat, Turkey 3 Gazi University, Faculty of Education, Department of Primary School Teaching, Ankara, Turkey* herhan.eroglu@bozok.edu.tr; heeroglu@yahoo.comKaryotype analysIs of MInuartIa MesogItana subsp. MesogItana and MInuartIa elMalIa (caryophyllaceae, alsInoIdeae)OĞUZ YÜCE1, HALİL ERHAN EROĞLU2*, MURAT KOÇ2 and ERGİN HAMZAOĞLU3Summary: Mitotic metaphase chromosomes, karyotypic characters, monoploid karyograms and ideograms of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia were investigated. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome numbers and the karyotype formula of these taxa were 2n = 2x = 24 = 8m + 8sm + 8st for Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and 2n = 2x = 32 = 12m + 16sm + 4st for Minuartia elmalia. No satellites were observed in the karyotypes of the taxa. The intrachromosomal and interchromosomal karyotype asymmetries were estimated with Mean Centromeric Asymmetry (MCA) and Coefficient of Variation of Chromosome Length (CVCL). Key words: Minuartia, karyotype, ideogram, karyotype asymmetry.Resumen: Análisis cariotípico de Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana y Minuartia elmalia (Caryophyllaceae, Alsinoideae). En este trabajo se analizan los cromosomas metafásicos mitóticos, cariotipo, cariogramas e idiogramas de Minuartia mesogitana subsp. Mesogitana y Minuartia elmalia. El análisis de metafases somáticas mostró que el número cromosómico y la fórmula cariotípica de estos taxones fueron 2n = 2x = 24 = 8 m + 8 sm + 8 st para Minuartia subsp. Mesogitana y 2n = 2x = 32 = 12 m + 16 sm + 4 st para Minuartia elmalia. No se observaron satélites en los cariotipos de los taxones. La asimetría intracromosómica e intercromosómica fue estimada con la asimetría centroméricas promedio (MCA) y el coeficiente de variación de longitud cromosómica (CVCL).Palabras clave: Minuartia, cariotipo, idiogramas, asimetría.464Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 51 (3) 2016Table 1. Collection data of the studied taxa.Taxa Locality CoordinatesMinuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitanaTURKEY. Kayseri: Pınarbaşı, between Aşağıbeyçayır village and Yukarıbeyçayır village, 1755 m, 25-VI-2010, Hamzaoğlu 5699 & Koç (BOZOK)38° 39’ 23” N; 36° 27’ 12” EMinuartia elmalia TURKEY. Antalya: Elmalı, Bey mountain, Küçüksöğle village, 2240 m, 28-VII-2012, Hamzaoğlu 6548 & Koç (BOZOK)36° 37’ 07” N; 30° 08’ 00” E MaterIal and MethodsCollection information of the plant taxa are given in Table 1. The seeds were germinated between moist Whatman papers in Petri dishes. The root tips were fixed in Carnoy’s fixative (3:1 absolute alcohol: glacial acetic acid) at +4°C overnight after pre-treatment in colchicine (0.2% w/v) for 2 hours. Root tips were stained with acetocarmine. Preparations were made using the squash method. At least ten metaphase cells were used to determine chromosome numbers. The metaphase chromosomes were photographed by Olympus BX53 digital camera and measured with the Bs200ProP image processing and analysis system.Karyotype formula was determined by chromosome morphology based on centromere position according to Levan classification (Levan et al., 1964). The following parameters were estimated to characterize the karyotypes numerically: long arm (l), short arm (s), total chromosome length (TCL) = [l + s], arm ratio (r) = [l / s] and centromeric index (CI) = [s / (l + s) × 100]. For each taxon, karyograms were drawn based on length of chromosome size (arranged large to small).The interchromosomal and intrachromosomal karyotype asymmetries were estimated with mean centromeric asymmetry (MCA) and coefficient of variation of chromosome length (CVCL), both indices varies between 0 (perfectly symmetric, no variation) and 100 (perfectly asymmetric, total variation) (Paszko, 2006; Peruzzi & Eroğlu, 2013). Asymmetry indexes were compared with Pearson correlation.resultsMinuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitanaMitotic metaphase chromosomes, karyogram and monoploid ideogram of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana are given in Fig. 1A. The measurement data of these chromosomes are given in Table 2. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome number of the species is 2n = 2x = 24. The formula is 2n = 2x = 24 = 8m + 8sm + 8st. No satellite was observed in the chromosomes. The length of chromosomes varied from 1.79 to 6.28 µm, and the total haploid length was 42.72 µm. The average length of chromosomes was 3.56 µm. The CI varied from 19.78 to 50.00 µm. The analysis of the intrachromosomal and interchromosomal karyotype asymmetry indexes showed values of 34.52 and 39.89 for MCA and CVCL, respectively.Minuartia elmaliaMitotic metaphase chromosomes, karyogram and monoploid ideogram of Minuartia elmalia are given in Fig. 1B. The measurement data of these chromosomes are given in Table 3. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome number of the species is 2n = 2x = 32. The formula is 2n = 2x = 32 = 12m + 16sm + 4st. No satellite was observed in the chromosomes. The length of chromosomes varied from 2.42 to 6.32 µm, and the total haploid length was 64.42 µm. The average length of chromosomes was 4.02 µm. The CI varied from 20.52 to 45.37 µm. The analysis of the intrachromosomal and interchromosomal karyotype asymmetry indexes showed values of 29.33 and 29.35 for MCA and CVCL, respectively.465Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 51 (3) 2016 O. Yüce et al. - Karyotype analysis of MinuartiadIscussIonThe cytogenetic characters, especially chromosome number, chromosome size and chromosome asymmetry, are useful characters in plant cytotaxonomy. They are also important to elucidate the origin, speciation and phylogenetic relationships of plants (Stebbins, 1971). The chromosome numbers of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia are 2n = 24 and 32. Both species have small chromosomes (range 1.79-6.32 µm). The chromosomes showed little variation in size within the complement (Tables 2 and 3).The reported chromosome numbers of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana were 2n = 22 and 24 (Çelebioglu & Favarger, 1984, 1990; Kamari et al., 1996). Çelebioglu & Favarger (1990) reported the similar results on the other subspecies. These subspecies are Minuartia mesogitana subsp. brachycarpa (Boiss. & Balansa) McNeill (2n = 24), Minuartia mesogitana subsp. kotschyana (Boiss.) McNeil (2n = 22, 24) and Minuartia mesogitana subsp. lydia (Boiss.) McNeill (2n = 24). According to the locality in Table 1, the diploid chromosome number of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana is 2n = 24. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 22 in different locations. Cytological data of this taxon are reported for the first time. Aytaç & Duman (2004) reported that Minuartia dianthifolia Hand.-Mazz. subsp. elmalia is a subspecies. Parolly & Eren (2006) considered Fig. 1. Somatic metaphase chromosomes, karyograms and ideograms. A: Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana. B: Minuartia elmalia. Table 2. The measurement data of the chromosomes of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana. TCL: total chromosome length, l: long arm, s: short arm, r: arm ratio, CI: centromeric index, m: median, sm: submedian, st: subterminal.Chromosome TCL l sr Chromosome type CIpair (μm) (μm) (μm)1.00 6.28 3.47 2.81 1.23 m 44.742.00 6.06 3.16 2.90 1.09 m 47.843.00 4.36 2.66 1.70 1.56 m 38.994.00 3.91 2.81 1.10 2.55 sm 28.085.00 3.51 2.51 1.00 2.51 sm 28.536.00 3.40 1.70 1.70 1.00 m 50.007.00 3.20 2.20 1.00 2.20 sm 31.258.00 3.02 2.42 0.60 4.03 st 19.789.00 2.71 1.73 0.98 1.77 sm 36.0410.00 2.46 1.96 0.50 3.92 st 20.3711.00 2.02 1.52 0.50 3.04 st 24.7512.00 1.79 1.39 0.40 3.48 st 22.33466Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 51 (3) 2016that Minuartia elmalia is a good species. The chromosome numbers of Minuartia elmalia (our data) and Minuartia dianthifolia (Çelebioglu & Favarger, 1983) were similar.Karyotype asymmetry is well known parameter in karyological studies (Eroğlu, 2015). The MCA and CVCL value are perfectly suited for the measure of intrachromosomal and interchromosomal asymmetry (Paszko, 2006; Peruzzi & Eroğlu, 2013). The MCA values of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia are 34.52 and 29.33, respectively. The CVCL values of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia are 39.89 and 29.35, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between MCA and CVCL (r = 1.000). Both MCA and CVCL values increase with increasing asymmetry. The location of centromere position changes in intrachromosomal karyotype asymmetry. Besides, the sizes of large and small chromosomes are quite different in interchromosomal karyotype asymmetry (Peruzzi et al., 2009). According to the MCA and CVCL values, Minuartia elmalia is more symmetrical than Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana.In this study, the chromosome numbers, karyotypes, ideograms and karyotype asymmetry degrees of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia were determined. The chromosome number of Minuartia elmalia and the chromosomal measurements of the Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana were reported here for the first time. Different chromosome numbers (2n = 24, 32) were found. Turkey is located at the intersection of plant geographical regions of Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian. For this reason, diversity and genetic variations may occur among species. Chromosome number as one of the genetic variations is extremely variable ranging from low numbers to the relatively high numbers (Eroğlu & Per, 2016). It is reported that the differences found among species in chromosome numbers, karyotype formulae and asymmetry indexes may contribute to the diversification of the genus (Seijo & Fernandez, 2003). For example, Table 3. The measurement data of the chromosomes of Minuartia elmalia. TCL: total chromosome length, l: long arm, s: short arm, r: arm ratio, CI: centromeric index, m: median, sm: submedian, st: subterminal.Chromosome TCL l sr Chromosome type CIpair (μm) (μm) (μm)1 6.32 3.46 2.86 1.21 m 45.172 5.78 3.77 2.01 1.88 sm 34.713 5.47 3.09 2.38 1.30 m 43.514 5.43 3.10 2.33 1.33 m 42.855 4.49 3.01 1.48 2.03 sm 32.966 4.19 2.29 1.90 1.21 m 45.377 4.01 2.47 1.54 1.60 m 38.408 3.95 2.62 1.33 1.97 sm 33.679 3.60 2.29 1.31 1.75 sm 36.3910 3.60 2.34 1.26 1.86 sm 35.0511 3.37 2.03 1.34 1.51 m 39.7412 3.19 2.17 1.02 2.13 sm 31.9913 2.97 2.10 0.87 2.41 sm 29.3314 2.90 1.97 0.93 2.12 sm 32.1015 2.73 2.17 0.56 3.88 st 20.5216 2.42 1.85 0.57 3.25 st 23.54467Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 51 (3) 2016 O. Yüce et al. - Karyotype analysis of MinuartiaMinuartia elmalia is different from Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana morphologically and grow in high altitudes and alpine regions (Table 1). Also, Minuartia elmalia is different from Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana because of having: (i) higher chromosome number, (ii) higher number of median and submedian chromosomes and (iii) a more symmetric karyotype. More data are needed to understand the role of chromosome number, karyotype formula and karyotype asymmetry in the systematics and evolution of Minuartia. acKnowledgMents We are indebted to TUBITAK (Project No: 113Z260) and Scientific Research Projects Fund of Bozok University (Project No: 2014FBE/T105) for financial support. bIblIography AYTAÇ, Z. & H. DUMAN. 2004. Six new taxa (Caryophyllaceae) from Turkey. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 41: 213-223. BITTRICH, V. 1993. Caryophyllaceae. In: KUBITZKI, K., J. G. ROHWER & V. 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Edin. 24: 241-404.NICOLA, M. V. & R. POZNER. 2013. A new species of Minuartia (Caryophyllaceae) restricted to the high Andes of South America. Phytotaxa 111: 53-56.PAROLLY, G. & Ö. EREN. 2006. Contributions to the flora of the Flora of Turkey, I. Willdenowia 36: 823-844.PASZKO, B. 2006. A critical review and a new proposal of karyotype asymmetry indices. Plant Syst. Evol. 258: 39-48. PERUZZI, L., I. J. LEITCH & K. F. CAPARELLI. 2009. Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae. Ann. Bot. London 103: 459-475. PERUZZI, L. & H. E. EROĞLU. 2013. Karyotype asymmetry: again, how to measure and what to measure? Comp. Cytogen. 7: 1-9. SEIJO, G. S. & A. FERNANDEZ. 2003. Karyotype analysis and chromosome evolution in South American species of Lathyrus (Leguminosae). Amer. J Bot. 90: 980-987.STEBBINS, G. L. 1971. Chromosomal evolution in higher plants. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, London. TAN, K. & M. VURAL. 2000. Minuartia L. In: GÜNER, A., N. ÖZHATAY, T. EKIM & K. H. C. BAŞER (eds.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 11, pp. 156-157. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.Recibido el 10 de enero de 2016, aceptado el 03 de marzo de 2016.

Análisis cariotípico de Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana y Minuartia elmalia (Caryophyllaceae, Alsinoideae).

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Análisis cariotípico de Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana y Minuartia elmalia (Caryophyllaceae, Alsinoideae).

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