Universal Statistics of Competition in Democratic Elections

Abstract

Elections for public offices in democratic nations are large-scale examples of collective human behavior. As a statistical physics problem with complex interactions among agents, we can anticipate that universal macroscopic patterns can emerge independent of microscopic details. Despite the availability of empirical election data, such universality, valid at all scales, countries, and elections, has not yet been observed. In contrast to all previous attempts in this direction, in this work, it is shown that the distribution of vote margins is driven by that of voter turnout. We use empirical data from $34$ countries to demonstrate that a scaled measure depending on margin and turnout leads to robust universality. Further, a voting model is introduced, which reproduces all the observed universal features. The deviations from universality indicate possible electoral malpractices. We argue that the universality is a stylized fact indicating the competitive nature of electoral outcomes.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure