This paper describes the principle of development the structural models of rocks, based on which the geomechanical model rock massif is developed, to which the applied numerical methods of stress analysis can be applied in solving the practical problems in the field of underground and surface mining of mineral raw materials

Ljubojev Milenko

Popović Ratomir

Đurđevac-Ignjatović Lidija

Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Bor

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No. 3, 2013  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 1MINING AND METALLURGY INSTITUTE BOR ISSN: 2334-8836  UDK: 622 UDK: 624.12/.13(045)=20  DOI:10.5937/MMEB1303001P Ratomir Popović*, Milenko Ljubojev*, Lidija Đurđevac Ignjatović* DEFORMABILITY PARAMETERS FOR FORMING  THE STRESS - STRAIN STATE MODELS OF ROCK MASSIF** Abstract This paper describes the principle of development the structural models of rocks, based on which the geomechanical model rock massif is developed, to which the applied numerical methods of stress analy-sis can be applied in solving the practical problems in the field of underground and surface mining of mineral raw materials. Keywords: deformability, stress-strain state, rock mass                                                          * Mining and Metallurgy institute Bor ** This work is the result of Project No. 33021 "Research and Monitoring the Changes of Stress- strain State in the Rock Massif "in-situ" Around the Underground Rooms with Development a Mod-el With a Special Review to the Tunnel of the Krivelj River and Jama Bor", funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia INTRODUCTION  Stress-strain state of rock massif has great importance in designing and construc-tion of structures and their stability. In con-struction the underground facilities, regard-less of the cross-section of room, the rock massif is the main supporting element. De-formations of rock massif, around the un-derground facility, cause stresses in support structure or coverings, i.e. the both elements mutually affect each other. Due to a huge variety of the rock massif structure and its properties, it is very difficult to develop a model that can describe the stress-strain state of the rock massif. Such model should be as simple as it could be as it can be widely ap-plied and the obtained results acceptable. The first step in the study of rock mechanics is to develop a structural model that reflects all characteristics of rock structures and their    physical-mechanical and deformation pro-perties. Walter Wittke developed in a detail this issue. Practically, he classified all rock types into granular structure, i.e. the rocks com-posed of individual elements of grain. Den-sity was determined by packed grains or grains made of their aggregates with the specific disruption of the cracks. Rock is idealized as a quasi-plane and quasi-homogeneous element of rock massif. De-pending on the shape and orientation of grains or aggregates in the rock, three main cases will be considered: 1 Rock with non-oriented granular structure, Figure 1a. 2 Rock with layered structure,  Figure 1b. 3 Rock with schistose structure,  Figure 1c.  No. 3, 2013  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 2  Figure1 Structural rock model a – non-oriented isotropic grnular structure b - layered anisotropic structure c - structure of anisotropic schistose  Based on the structural rock model, it is possible to make such geomechanical model of rock massif for the use of nu-merical methods of stress analysis in solv-ing practical problems in the field of un-derground and open pit mining. These numerical methods are based on the as-sumption of elastic-viscous plastic defor-mation. Such model allows taking into account the mechanical-deformation ani-sotropy, caused by granular structure and surface texture cracks. Suppose that in a part of the load that does not exceed the limit resistance to uniaxial pressure, the elastic deformations are exclusively developed independently on time and proportional to load, Figure 2. When the load reaches the limit value σgr, it causes the irreversible non-elastic de-formations. The experiments proved that the irreversible deformations, and con-nected to this the redistribution of stress are highly depend on time. These defor-mations in geomechanical model are based on the viscous-plastic properties.    Figure 2 Deformability of isotropic rocks a - dependence of elastic and ideal viscous- plastic deformations εax of stress σax b - determination the elastic modulus and Poisson ratio ν for rocks 1 - elastic deformation 2 – viscous-plastic deformation  No. 3, 2013  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 31 STRESS-DEFORMATION STATE OF    ROCKS 1.1 Elastic deformation Description of elastic deformations of rocks is derived from a model of their structure. In the rock with non-oriented granular structure in uniaxial or triaxial load which is less than limit strength, the elastic deformations appear independently of load direction. Deformable constants, modulus of elasticity E and the Poisson ratio ν are expressed as follows: = [ ];   = =  The shear modulus G depends on E and ν =( )  [ ] (1) Components of stress, strain and shear in the arbitrarily oriented Descartes coordinate system (x, y and z) are con-nected by the Hook law with the con-stants E and ν.  = (1− ) + += + (1− ) += + + (1− )= ( ) ∙= ( ) ∙= ( ) ∙ ⎭⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎫ (2)       The rocks with layered structures, iso-tropic elastic properties of its deformations, in the best case, are unacceptable. The ex-periments have confirmed that the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks, with a lay-ered structure in the direction normal to the plane of isotropy, is much greater than the strength in the direction of parallel planar isotropy. Stress and strain state in the plane of stratification has an isotropic character. This description of a methodology of behav-ior in the zone of elastic deformation con-sists in application the five independent elas-ticity constants. It can be said that the stress-strain state is characterized by transverse isotropy [1]. Independent constants are E1 and E2, normal and parallel to the plane of isotropy, ν1 and ν2, and shear modulus G2 for the shear stress in the plane of isotropy. Let us consider the unit volume of rock with the Descartes system of coordi-nates (x', y' and z'), wherein the axis z' matches with direction of the greatest de-formability and x' and y' axes lie in the plane of isotropy, Figure 3.  From the conditions, Figure 3, the elastic constants are obtained from stress and linear and shear deformations of the unit volume, Figure 4.The values of the G1 and ν3 dependent on E1 and E2, ν1 and ν2.   No. 3, 2013  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 4  Figure 3 Deformation anisotropy of rocks with a layered structure a - horizontal plane of isotropy, b - vertical plane of isotropy 1 - plane of isotropy 2 - stratification  It is important to say that, according to the transverse isotropy, the theory of elastici-ty does not specify maximum value of the Poisson ratio as in the case of full isotropy, where ν<0.5. From considered strain energy, the limitation of inequalities follows: 2 ∙ < 1−  (3) ≤  (4) Based on the laboratory studies of de-formation properties of rocks, ν1 and ν2 are always less than 0.5, and only ν3 for trans-versely isotropic rocks in some cases may be higher than 0.5. Figure 4, from a to i, shows determin-ing the elastic constants of rock layered structure of transversely isotropic models. a, b): = = ;    c) =  d, e i f): = = 2(1 + ) ; = =  g, h i i): = ;    = = − ;    = − =   No. 3, 2013  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 5  Figure 4 Determination the elastic constants for rocks in the case of transverse complexion for  isotropic layered structure a, b and c - modulus of elasticity and corresponding strains d, e, and f - shear modulus  g, h and i – Poisson coefficient  The expression for determining the maximum value of independent shear mo-dulus I. Kilj, proposes the following ex-pression: G ≤( ) (5) Since the shear modulus G2 is very dif-ficult to determine "in-situ", various au-thors have suggested that this independent module can be determined approximately over other constants of elasticity. L. Barden suggests the following rela-tion [4]: ≅  (6) A less value can be obtained from the following relation: ≅ ( ) (7) No. 3, 2013  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 6REFERENCES [1] Popović R., Ljubojev M., Contribution to Investigation the Mechanical Aniso-tropy of Rock Massive, International October Conference on Mining and Metallurgy,  Bor, 2000.   [2] Ljubojev M., Popović R., Basics of Geomechanics, RTB Bor, Copper Institute, Bor, 2006.  [3]  Popović R., Ljubojev M., Principles of Solving Problems in Geomechanics, Bor, 2007.  [4] Popović R., Cvetković M., Majsto-rović J., Anisotropy of Deformation Properties of Rock Salt, Proceedings, Faculty of Mining and Geology Belgrade, 2000.       [5]   Popović R., Ljubojev M., Ignjatović D., Tašić D., Đurđevac-Ignjatović L., Determining the Shearing Parameters of Rocks per Preferential Planes, Mining Engineering 1/2012, Bor, 2012.   [6]   V. Wittke, Felsmechnik Grundlagen Für Wirtschaftliches Bauen Im Fels, Berlin Heidelberg, 1984. (in German) [7] G. Hadži-Nikovic, S. Ćorić, J. Gomila-nović, Application of 3D Slope Stability Analysis in Defining the Excavation Conditions of Coal at the Open Pits, Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Bor 2/2013, p. 1-10 [8] V. Milić, I. Svrkota, D. Petrović, Analysis of Block Stability for Semi – Level Caving Method with Lateral Loading, Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Bor 2/2013, p. 21-26   Broj 3, 2013.  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 7INSTITUT ZA RUDARSTVO I METALURGIJU BOR ISSN: 2334-8836  UDK: 622 UDK: 624.12/.13(045)=861 DOI:10.5937/MMEB1303001P Ratomir Popović*, Milenko Ljubojev*, Lidija Đurđevac-Ignjatović* PARAMETRI DEFORMABILNOSTI ZA  FORMIRANJE MODELA NAPONSKO-DEFORMACIJSKOG  STANJA STENSKOG MASIVA** Izvod U radu je opisan princip razrade strukturnog modela stena, na osnovu kojeg se razrađuje geome-hanički model stenskog masiva, na koji se mogu primeniti numeričke metode naponske analize pri rešavanju praktičnih zadataka u oblasti podzemne i površinske eksploatacije mineralnih sirovina. Ključne reči: deformabilnost, naponsko – deformaciono stanje, stenski masiv                                                          * Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor ** Ovaj rad je proistekao kao rezultat projekta 33021 „Istraživanje i praćenje promena naponsko deformacionog stanja u stenskom masivu “in-situ“ oko podzemnih prostorija sa izradom modela sa posebnim osvrtom na tunel Kriveljske reke i Jame Bor“, koga finansira Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije UVOD Naponsko-deformacijsko stanje stena stenskog masiva ima veliki značaj pri projektovanju i izgradnji objekata i njihove stabilnosti. Pri izradi podzemnih prostorija, bez razlike na poprečni presek prostorije, stenski masiv je osnovni noseći elemenat. Deformacije stenskog masiva oko pod-zemne prostorije izazivaju napone u kon-strukciji podgrade, odnosno obloge, tj. oba elementa uzajamno utiču jedan na drugi. Obzirom na veliku raznolikost građe sten-skog masiva i njegovih svojstava, vrlo je teško razraditi model koji može opisati naponsko-deformacijsko stanje stenskog masiva. Takav model mora biti jednostavan kako bi se mogao široko primenjivati, a dobijeni rezultati biti prihvatljivi. Prvi korak u istraživanju mehanike stena je razrada    strukturnog modela koji odražava sve osobenosti građe stena i njihova fizičko-mehanička i deformaciona svojstva.  Ta pitanja je detaljno razradio Walter Wittke. Praktično sve stene je svrstao u zrnastu strukturu, tj. stene sastavljene od pojedinih elemenata zrna. Gustina je odre-đena upakovanim zrnima ili sastavljenih od njihovih agregata određene narušenosti pukotinama. Stena se idealizuje u vidu kvaziravnijskog i kvazijednorodnog eleme-nta stenskog masiva. U zavisnosti od oblika i orijentacije zrna ili agregata u steni ovde ćemo razmatrati tri osnovna slučaja: 1. Stena sa neorijentisanom zrnastom strukturom, sl. 1.a. 2. Stena sa slojevitom strkturom, sl. 1.b. 3. Stena sa škriljavom strukturom,  sl. 1.c.  Broj 3, 2013.  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 8  Sl. 1. Strukturni model stene a – neorijentisana izotropna zrnasta struktura,  b – slojevita anizotropna struktura,  c – škriljava anizotropna strktura  Na osnovu strukturnog stenskog modela moguće je izraditi takav geomehanički model stenskog masiva na koji se mogu primeniti numeričke metode naponske analize pri rešavanju praktičnih zadataka u oblasti podzremne i površinske eksploa-tacije. Te numeričke metode se zasnivaju na pretpostavci o elasto-viskozno plastičnim deformacijama. Takav model omogućuje da se uzme u obzir mehaničko-deformaciona anizotropija uslovljena zrnastom strukturom i strukturom površina pukotina. Pretpostavimo da se u delu opterećenja koje ne prevazilazi graničnu otpornost na jednoosni pritisak, razvijaju isključivo elastične deformacije nezavisne od vremena i proporcionalne su opterećenju, sl. 2. Kad opterećenje dostigne graničnu vrednost σgr. tada nastaju neelastične nepovratne defor-macije. Eksperimenti povrđuju da nepovra-tne deformacije i povezano sa tim preraspo-dela napona, u vrlo visokom stepenu zavise od vremena. Te deformacije u geomeha-ničkom modelu zasnivaju se na viskozno-plastičnim svojstvima.    Sl. 2. Deformabilnost izotropnih stena a – zavisnost elastičnih i idealno viskozno-plastičnih deformacija εax od napona σax b – određivanje modula elastičnosti i koeficijenta Poissona ν stena 1 – elastična deformacija,  2 – viskozno-plastična deformacija  Broj 3, 2013.  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 91. NAPONSKO-DEFORMACIJSKO       STANJE STENA 1.1. Elastične deformacije Opis elastičnih deformacija stena proizi-lazi iz modela njihove strukture. Stena sa neorijentisanom zrnastom struk-turom pri jednoosnom ili troosnom opterećenju, koje je manje od granične čvrstoće, nastaju elastične deformacije nezavisno od pravca dejstva opterećenja. Deformabilne konstante, modul elasti-čnosti E i koeficijent Poisson-a ν se izražavaju na sledeći način: = [ ];   = =   Modul smicanja G zavisi od E i ν: =( )  [ ] (1) Komponente napona, deformacija i smicanja u proizvoljno orijentisanom Dekartovom koordinatnom sistemu (x, y i z) povezani su po Huk-ovom zakonu konstantama E i ν:  = (1− ) + += + (1− ) += + + (1− )= ( ) ∙= ( ) ∙= ( ) ∙ ⎭⎪⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎪⎫ (2)        Stene sa građom slojevite strukture, izotropne elastične karakteristike njenih deformacija u najboljem slučaju su nedopu-stive. Eksperimenti potvrđuju da jednoosna otpornost na pritisak stena sa slojevitom strukturom u pravcu normalnom na ravan izotropije znatno je veća od čvrstoće u pravcu paralelno ravno izotropije. Naponsko deformacijsko stanje u ravni slojevitosti poseduje izotropni karakter. Navedena metodologija opisa ponašanja u zoni elastičnih deformacija sastoji se u primeni pet nezavisnih jedne od drugih konstanti elastičnosti. Tada kažemo da naponsko-deformacijsko stanje karakteriše transver-zalna izotropija [1]. Nezavisne konstante su E1 i E2, normalno i paralelno ravni izotro-pije, ν1 i ν2, i modul smicanja G2 za napone smicanja u ravni izotropije.  Razmotrimo jediničnu zapreminu stene sa Dekartovim sistemom koordinata (x', y' i z'), pri čemu osa z' se poklapa sa pravcem najveće deformabilnosti, a ose x' i y' leže u ravni izotropije, sl. 3.  Iz uslova sl. 3 konstante elastičnosti se dobiju iz napona i linearnih i smičućih deformacija jedinične zapremine, sl. 4. Pri čemu su takođe veličine ν3 i G1 zavisne od E1 i E2, ν1 i ν2.    Broj 3, 2013.  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 10   Sl. 3. Anizotropija deformabilnosti stena sa slojevitom strukturom a – horizontalna ravan izotropije, b – vertikalna ravan izotropije  1 – ravan izotropije, 2 - slojevitost   Važno je reći, da pri transverzalnoj izotropiji, teorija elastičnosti ne određuje maksimalnu vrednost koeficijenta Poisson-a kao u slučaju pune izotropije, gde je ν < 0,5. Iz razmatrane energije deformacija sledi samo ograničenje nejednačina: 2 ∙ < 1−  (3) ≤  (4) Na osnovu laboratorijskih istraživanja deformacionih svojstava stena ν1 i ν2 su uvek manji od 0,5, a samo ν3 za transverzalno izotropne stene u pojedinim slučajevima može biti veći od 0,5. Na sl. 4 od a do i prikazano je određi-vanje elastičnih konstanti stena slojevite strukture transverzalno izotropnog modela. a, b): = = ;    c) =  d, e i f): = = 2(1 + ) ; = =  g, h i i): = ;    = = − ;    = − =   Broj 3, 2013.  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 11  Sl. 4. Određivanje elastičnih konstanti stena za slučaj transverzalno izotropni model  slojevite strukture a, b i c – modul elastičnosti i odgovarajuće deformacije,  d, e i f – moduli smicanja,  g, h i i – koeficijenti Poisson-a  Izraz za određivanje maksimalne vrednosti nezavisnog modula smicanja  I. Kilj, predlaže sledeći izraz: ≤( ) (5) Obzirom da je modul smicanja G2, vrlo teško odrediti „in-situ“ to razni autori su predložili za taj sam po sebi nezavisni modul da se odredi približno preko drugih konstanti elastičnosti. L. Barden predlaže sledeću zavisnost [4]: ≅  (6) Nešto manja vrednost se dobije po sledećoj zavisnosti: ≅ ( ) (7) Broj 3, 2013.  Mining & Metallurgy Engineering Bor 12LITERATURA [1] R. Popović, M. Ljubojev, Prilog istra-živanju mehaničke anizotropije sten-skog masiva, Međunarodno oktobar-sko savetovanje rudara i metalurga, Bor, 2000.god. [2] M. Ljubojev, R. Popović, Osnove geomehanike, RTB Bor, Institut za bakar, Bor, 2006. [3] R. Popović, M. Ljubojev, Principi rešavanja problema u geomehanici, Bor, 2007.god. [4] R. Popović, M. Cvetković, J. Majsto-rović, Anizotropija deformacionih svojstava kamene soli, Zbornik radova RGF Beograd, 2000.god. [5] R. Popović, M. Ljubojev, D. Ignjato-vić, D. Tašić, L. Đurđevac-Ignjatović, Određivanje parametara smicanja stena po povlašćenim ravnima, Rudarski radovi 1/2012, Bor, 2012.god.   [6] V. Wittke, Felsmechnik grundlagen für wirtschaftliches Bauen im Fels, Berlin Heidelberg, 1984. [7] G. Hadži-Niković, S. Ćorić, J. Gomila-nović, Primena 3D analize stabilnosti kosina pri definisanju uslova iskopa uglja u površinskim kopovima, Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Bor 2/2013, str. 11-20 [8] V. Milić, I. Svrkota, D. Petrović, Istraživanje stabilnosti dna otkopnog bloka za metodu poluetažnog prinud-nog zarušavanja sa jednostranim bočnim utovarom rude, Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Bor 2/2013, str. 27-32   

Deformability parameters for forming the stress-strain state models of rock massif

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Deformability parameters for forming the stress-strain state models of rock massif

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