Agricultural fires are a major source of biomass-burning organic aerosols (BBOAs) with impacts on health, the environment, and climate. In this study, globally relevant BBOA emissions from the combustion of sugar cane in both field and laboratory experiments were analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The derived chemical fingerprints of fresh emissions were evaluated using targeted and nontargeted evaluation approaches. The open-field sugar cane burning experiments revealed the high chemical complexity of combustion emissions, including compounds derived from the pyrolysis of (hemi)cellulose, lignin, and further biomass, such as pyridine and oxime derivatives, methoxyphenols, and methoxybenzenes, as well as triterpenoids. In comparison, laboratory experiments could only partially model the complexity of real combustion events. Our results showed high variability between the conducted field and laboratory experiments, which we, among others, discuss in terms of differences in combustion conditions, fuel composition, and atmospheric processing. We conclude that both field and laboratory studies have their merits and should be applied complementarily. While field studies under real-world conditions are essential to assess the general impact on air quality, climate, and environment, laboratory studies are better suited to investigate specific emissions of different biomass types under controlled conditions.The EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the EUROCHAMP-2020 Infrastructure Activity, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the South African National Research Foundation (NRF) via the German/South Africa Research Collaboration Programme and Helmholtz International Laboratory aeroHEALTH.https://pubs.acs.org/journal/aesccqhj2024ChemistrySDG-02:Zero HungerSDG-11:Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG-13:Climate actio
