The primary goal of a Bulk Tank Milk Culture (BTMC) is to determine what types of bacteria are in milk. Bacteria originate from three sources: udder tissue infected with a contagious bacteria, cow's environment, including milking equipment, and bacteria flora that reside on the teat or udder skin. 
Use this chart to change your management towards reducing bacteria counts. You can reduce or control the source of bacteria, or modify the environment so it cannot survive. Your veterinarian, sanitarian, or Extension dairy agent can help you. 
The final result is higher quality milk in your bulk tank and higher producing cows free of udder infection.Published January 1992. Facts and recommendations in this publication may no longer be valid. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalo

Gamroth, Michael J.

Gangwer, Michael I.

Hansen, Donald E.

Undetermined

Oregon State University. Extension Service

ScholarsArchive@OSU

Ho i - a 500 shztf-o, Practicas de Ordeno 1. Limpiar la suciedad o estiercol que pueda haber quedado en los pezones. Secar las ubres y los pezones con toallas de papel individuales. El ordeno de las ubres mojadas aumenta al riesgo de la mastitis. El uso de esponjas para secar las ubres puede causar el paso de la mastitis de una vaca a otra. 2. Determinar si la vaca tiene mastitis sacando dos o tres chorros de leche de cada pezon. Si la vaca tiene mastitis, aplicar el tratamiento segun las instrucciones del administrador. 3. El ordenador debe saber que sus manos pueden propagar la mastitis de una vaca a otra. El ordenador debe lavarse las manos frecuentemente durante el ordeno. 4. Para reducir las heridas de los pezones es importante aplicar las pezoneras despues de la bajada de la leche. 5. Las pezoneras deben ser colocadas en los pezones con el menor escape de aire posible. Dicho escape puede producir el retroceso de la leche e introducir aire en la ubra. Esto puede propagar las posibles bacterias presentes y causar mastitis. 6. Ajustar la maquina y las mangueras para que haya el menor escape de aire posible alrededor de los pezones. Este escape de aire puede provocar mastitis y debe ser eliminado rapidamente. 7. Cuando cesa el flujo de la leche, revisar todos los cuartos de la ubre para ver si ha salido toda la leche. Cerrar el vacio de la maquina de ordeno antes de quitar las pezoneras. Esto se hace cerrando la valvula de vacio. Los separadores automaticos cumplen esta funcion en lugar del ordenador, pero deben revisarse regularmente para comprobar su buen funcionamiento. 8. Todos los pezones deben ser sumergidos o rociados completamente con un producto aprobado. Este es el paso mas importante para la prevencion de la mastitis. 9. Si no se usa un reflujo automatico, inyecte agua o soluciones desinfectantes en la maquina despues de ordenar vacas con signos de mastitis. Esto ayudara a prevenir la propagacion de bacterias causantes de mastitis de una vaca a otra. Tome precauciones para que no entre agua ni soluciones desinfectantes en la leche. Observaciones generates 1. Antes, durante y despues del ordeno es importante observar atentamente el comportamiento de las vacas y el perfecto funcionamiento del equipo para solucionar a tiempo cualquier problema. 2. Los ordenadores deben lavarse y desinfectarse las manos frecuentemente para evitar la propagacion de la mastitis. La forma de mastitis mas grave no se ve ni puede ser detectada por el ordenador. Esta es la llamada mastitis subclmica. El administrador puede usar la Prueba de California para la Mastitis (CMT) o el Recuento de Celulas Somaticas (SCC) para determinar el nivel de mastitis subclinica en el hato. Un recuento bajo indica bajo nivel de mastitis en el hato. El ordenador debe seguir las practicas de ordeno apropiadas resumidas en este folleto para ayudar a mantener un bajo nivel de mastitis. Spanish version courtesy of Cooperative Extension, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, O.E. Smith, director, Oregon State University Extension Service. Other western state Extension directors include: Irvin Skelton, University of Alaska; Pererika Tauiliili, American Samoa Community College; James A. Christenson, University of Arizona; Kenneth Farrell, University of California; Milan Rewerts, Colorado State University; Chin Tian Lee, The University of Guam; Noel P. Kefford, University of Hawaii; LeRoy Luft, University of Idaho; Anita R. Suta, College of Micronesia; Max Abmerson, Montana State University; Bernard M. Jones, University of Nevada/Reno; Robert Gilliland, New Mexico State University; Antonio Santos, Northern Marianas College; R. Paul Larsen, Utah State University; Larry G. James, interim director, Washington State University; Jim DeBree, University of Wyoming. Extension invites participation in its programs and offers them to all people without discrimination. Interpreting Bulk Tank Milk Culture M. Gangwer, M. Gamroth, and D. Hansen The primary goal of a Bulk Tank Milk Culture (BTMC) is to determine what types of bacteria are in milk. Bacteria originate from three sources: udder tissue infected with a contagious bacteria, cow's environment, including milking equipment, and bacteria flora that reside on the teat or udder skin. Use this chart to change your management towards reducing bacteria counts. You can reduce or control the source of bacteria, or modify the environment so it cannot survive. Your veterinarian, sanitarian, or Extension dairy agent can help you. The final result is higher quality milk in your bulk tank and higher producing cows free of udder infection. Mike Gangwer, Extension dairy agent, Mike Gamroth, Extension dairy specialist, and Donald Hansen, Extension veterinarian, Oregon State University. WREP 119'January 1992 A Western Regional Extension Publication Mastitis Organism Origin and Means of Spreading                                       Basic Prevention Basic Treatment Contagious Staphylococcus aureus Cow to cow via milking machine during milking. Contaminated hands, reused towels and sponges, reusable cannulas, and infected quarters. See milking procedure. Eliminate cross contamination between quarters during milking by using the proper liner and reducing liner slips. Sanitize milking machine by backflushing. Post-dip teats. Identify positive quarters or cows with culture or an ELISA test. Segregate positive cows from non-infected herd and milk last. Dry treatment does not usually eliminate estab- lished infections. Streptococcus agalacatiae (beta-hemolysis) Cow to cow via milking machine during milking. Contaminated hands, reused towels and sponges, reusable cannulas, and infected quarters. See milking procedure. Eliminate cross contamination between quarters during milking by using the proper liner and eliminating liner slips. Sanitize milking machine by backflushing. Post-dip teats. Identify with culture. Lactating and dry cow treatments usually effective. Mycoplasma Cow to cow via milking machine during milking. Contaminated hands, reused towels and sponges, reusable cannulas, and infected quarters. See milking procedure. Eliminate cross contamination between quarters during milking by using the proper liner and reducing liner slips. Sanitize milking machine by backflushing. Post-dip teats. Routine bulk tank milk culture analysis if herd is closed. Culturing all new cows entering herd from unknown origin may be used. Cull positively infected cows. Environmental Escherichia Coli Fecal origin from manure and water. Milking wet udders/teats from excessive use of sprinkler pen or drop hose, and udders/teats not dried thoroughly. Milking machine applied to teats not free of manure/bedding. See milking procedure. Keep environment clean and dry. Do not milk a wet udder. Change bedding source. Keep cows standing for one hour after milking. Rake manure from free stalls more often. Pre-dip. Environmental counts in a BTMC (bulk tank milk culture) mean a breakdown in equipment cleaning or milking procedure. Upon udder tissue infection in individual cows, systemic and supportive therapy may be necessary. Envi- Other Coliform Enterobacter spp. Fecal origin from manure and water. Milking wet udders/teats from excessive use of sprinkler pen or drop hose, and udders/teats not dried thoroughly. Milking machine applied to teats not free of manure/bedding. See milking procedure. Keep environment clean and dry. Do not milk a wet udder. Change bedding source. Remove manure from free stalls by raking more often. Reduce teat- end exposure. Pre-dip. ronmental bacteria are opportunists: they exist in the environment of the cow but do not cause udder infection and subsequent mastitis unless they gain entry into the teat via the teat end. Once they have gained entry, these bacteria rapidly overwhelm the cows defenses, produce severe Other Coliform Klebsiella spp. Found in wet or fresh sawdust bedding, soil, some vegetation and some by-product feeds. Milking wet udders/teats. Milking teats not thoroughly cleaned. See milking procedure. Use kiln-dried shavings or other type of bedding material, such as chopped straw, sand, and use hydrated lime. Reduce teat-end exposure. toxins, and clinical or severe mastitis results. The purpose of the BTMC is to point out the types of environmental bacteria that are found in milk as the result Other Streptococcus (alpha- hemolysis) Streptococcus bovis Streptococcus dysgalactiae Streptococcus uberis Found in soil, wet bedding, water supplies, cow's mouth, udder, teats and reproductive tract. Milking wet udders/teats. Milking teats not thoroughly cleaned. See milking procedure. Provide clean calving area by changing bedding between each calving. Reduce teat-end exposure. Pre-dip. of inadequate equipment cleaning or a breakdown of good milking procedure. Dry cow treatment is helpful in eliminating current infec- tions, but cows can become re-infected late in the dry period. Teat skin flora Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) Staphylococcus epidermis Staphylococcus hyicus Staphylococcus xylosus Found on the teat skin of all cows. Considered a minor pathogen. Poor milking procedures such as teats not thoroughly cleaned and sanitized. See milking procedure. Effective pre-milking hygiene especially helpful. Apply machines to teats that are clean and dry. Post-dip teats with an effective product. CNS (coagulase negative Staphylococcus) bacteria are not usually the cause of udder infection. High counts are associated with milking hygiene. Other bacteria Pseudomonads spp. Bacillus spp. Corynebacterium spp. Widely distributed in the cow's environment. Found in contaminated water supplies, deteriorating rubber liners, milk hoses, rubber drop hoses, and poorly cleaned pipelines/milk tank. Can cause high preliminary incubation counts. See milking procedure. Keep environment clean and dry. Sanitize milking equipment before each milking. Sanitize treatment materials. Routinely clean milking machines, pipelines and bulk tank. Identify source and eliminate. High counts are associated with a contaminated water source or in the breakdown of rubber. Reducing these bacteria will help lower preliminary incubation counts. Milking Procedure 1. Remove manure and bedding debris from teats. If a sprinkler pen is used, allow time to drip dry (15- 30 minutes). If a drop hose is used in the parlor, wet teats only. If you are dry-wiping teats, check to see that manure and bedding are actually being removed. 2. Strip each teat to remove milk in teat cistern (this step may be done first or together with step one). This accomplishes three steps: a) stimulates the cow via the nervous and hormonal systems to contract udder tissue smooth muscles for milk let-down. b) a quick check for mastitic milk or abnormalities. c) removal of high bacteria milk that has accumulated in the teat cistern between milkings. This milk does not enter the milk supply. 3. Pre-dip with effective dip for at least 30 seconds contact time on the teat surface (optional; this step recommended when environmental bacteria are identified in the herd). This step is especially helpful in killing bacteria found on the teat surface that could possibly get through the teat opening during milking. 4. Wipe pre-dip and moisture off teats, thoroughly. Use individual paper or laundered cloth towels. The use of cloth towels in highly infected contagious herds is discouraged. 5. Apply milking machine one minute after step 2. Reduce liner slips by repositioning machine and by using the correct inflations. 6. Remove machine by cutting off vacuum fully. Removing machine under vacuum may cause backflooding of milk against the teat end. This can propel milk and bacteria back into the teat. 7. Post-dip teat with an effective teat dip. This step kills bacteria left after milking on the teat surface, as well as applying a surface barrier of protective chemical for further bacterial contact after milking. 8. Backflush claw and teat-cups and allow to drain. This step prepares a "clean" machine for the next cow, and rinses possible bacteria out of the machine from the last cow. Herd considerations 1. Screen fresh cows and identify inflamed tissue using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and udder palpation. Swollen, hard, inflammed quarters can be found by palpating the udder with your hand. This is one of the first signs of udder infection. The CMT measures somatic cells, the end result of udder infection. A quick screening test of fresh cows using the CMT will find infected quarters that need treatment before the milk is put in the bulk tank. Some producers report good results when treating based on a high cell count. Research shows it to be no more effectve than treating only clinical cases. 2. Properly identify treated cows and use antibiotic screening tests. Segregating treated cows into a separate string and positively marking them is crucial in keeping antibiotics out of the bulk tank. Consider using an appropriate commerical drug screening test on each treated cow and on the bulk tank milk before each pickup. Ho i - a 500 shztf-o, Practicas de Ordeno 1. Limpiar la suciedad o estiercol que pueda haber quedado en los pezones. Secar las ubres y los pezones con toallas de papel individuales. El ordeno de las ubres mojadas aumenta al riesgo de la mastitis. El uso de esponjas para secar las ubres puede causar el paso de la mastitis de una vaca a otra. 2. Determinar si la vaca tiene mastitis sacando dos o tres chorros de leche de cada pezon. Si la vaca tiene mastitis, aplicar el tratamiento segun las instrucciones del administrador. 3. El ordenador debe saber que sus manos pueden propagar la mastitis de una vaca a otra. El ordenador debe lavarse las manos frecuentemente durante el ordeno. 4. Para reducir las heridas de los pezones es importante aplicar las pezoneras despues de la bajada de la leche. 5. Las pezoneras deben ser colocadas en los pezones con el menor escape de aire posible. Dicho escape puede producir el retroceso de la leche e introducir aire en la ubra. Esto puede propagar las posibles bacterias presentes y causar mastitis. 6. Ajustar la maquina y las mangueras para que haya el menor escape de aire posible alrededor de los pezones. Este escape de aire puede provocar mastitis y debe ser eliminado rapidamente. 7. Cuando cesa el flujo de la leche, revisar todos los cuartos de la ubre para ver si ha salido toda la leche. Cerrar el vacio de la maquina de ordeno antes de quitar las pezoneras. Esto se hace cerrando la valvula de vacio. Los separadores automaticos cumplen esta funcion en lugar del ordenador, pero deben revisarse regularmente para comprobar su buen funcionamiento. 8. Todos los pezones deben ser sumergidos o rociados completamente con un producto aprobado. Este es el paso mas importante para la prevencion de la mastitis. 9. Si no se usa un reflujo automatico, inyecte agua o soluciones desinfectantes en la maquina despues de ordenar vacas con signos de mastitis. Esto ayudara a prevenir la propagacion de bacterias causantes de mastitis de una vaca a otra. Tome precauciones para que no entre agua ni soluciones desinfectantes en la leche. Observaciones generates 1. Antes, durante y despues del ordeno es importante observar atentamente el comportamiento de las vacas y el perfecto funcionamiento del equipo para solucionar a tiempo cualquier problema. 2. Los ordenadores deben lavarse y desinfectarse las manos frecuentemente para evitar la propagacion de la mastitis. La forma de mastitis mas grave no se ve ni puede ser detectada por el ordenador. Esta es la llamada mastitis subclmica. El administrador puede usar la Prueba de California para la Mastitis (CMT) o el Recuento de Celulas Somaticas (SCC) para determinar el nivel de mastitis subclinica en el hato. Un recuento bajo indica bajo nivel de mastitis en el hato. El ordenador debe seguir las practicas de ordeno apropiadas resumidas en este folleto para ayudar a mantener un bajo nivel de mastitis. Spanish version courtesy of Cooperative Extension, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, O.E. Smith, director, Oregon State University Extension Service. Other western state Extension directors include: Irvin Skelton, University of Alaska; Pererika Tauiliili, American Samoa Community College; James A. Christenson, University of Arizona; Kenneth Farrell, University of California; Milan Rewerts, Colorado State University; Chin Tian Lee, The University of Guam; Noel P. Kefford, University of Hawaii; LeRoy Luft, University of Idaho; Anita R. Suta, College of Micronesia; Max Abmerson, Montana State University; Bernard M. Jones, University of Nevada/Reno; Robert Gilliland, New Mexico State University; Antonio Santos, Northern Marianas College; R. Paul Larsen, Utah State University; Larry G. James, interim director, Washington State University; Jim DeBree, University of Wyoming. Extension invites participation in its programs and offers them to all people without discrimination. Interpreting Bulk Tank Milk Culture M. Gangwer, M. Gamroth, and D. Hansen The primary goal of a Bulk Tank Milk Culture (BTMC) is to determine what types of bacteria are in milk. Bacteria originate from three sources: udder tissue infected with a contagious bacteria, cow's environment, including milking equipment, and bacteria flora that reside on the teat or udder skin. Use this chart to change your management towards reducing bacteria counts. You can reduce or control the source of bacteria, or modify the environment so it cannot survive. Your veterinarian, sanitarian, or Extension dairy agent can help you. The final result is higher quality milk in your bulk tank and higher producing cows free of udder infection. Mike Gangwer, Extension dairy agent, Mike Gamroth, Extension dairy specialist, and Donald Hansen, Extension veterinarian, Oregon State University. WREP 119'January 1992 A Western Regional Extension Publication 

Interpreting bulk tank milk culture

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Interpreting bulk tank milk culture

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