Information reviewed and reaffirmed 1960. Original report dated March 1955

Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.)

Olson, W. Z.

Undetermined

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SERIAL	FOREST RESEARCH LABORATORY0 'Q1	 LIBRARYm 1))4 '.	 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITYc)SI f; GLUING CHARACTERISTICS Of CHINQUAPINTANOAIC, CALIFORNIA LAUREL, MAIDRONEMarch 1955INFORMATION REVIEWEDAND REAFFIRMED1960No. 2030UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICEFOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORYMadison 5,WisconsinIn Cooperation with the University of WisconsinFOREST RESEARCH LABORATORYLIBRARYOREGON STATE UNIVERSITYGLUING CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINQUAPIN,TANOAK, CALIFORNIA LAUREL, MADRONE ByW. Z. OLSON, TechnologistForest Products Laboratory, —1 Forest ServiceU. S. Department of AgricultureIntroductionWhile most Pacific Coast softwoods have been extensively utilized,the hardwoods of the region have been neglected in favor of speciesfrom the eastern States. To promote closer utilization of hardwoodspecies native to the area, the California Forest and Range Experi-ment Station of the Forest Service cooperated with this Laboratory toinvestigate the properties of California laurel (Umbellularia Californica,best known to the novelty trade as Oregon myrtle), chinquapin (Castanopsischrysophylla), tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), and madrone (Arbutusmenziesii), in order to determine whether they are satisfactory for com-mercial use. This report presents results of tests to determine whetherthe four species can be satisfactorily glued with casein, starch, animal,urea, and resorcinol glues. The tests involved initial dry shear strengthonly. Because of the limited amount of material available for the tests,the results are regarded as only indicative of the quality of glued jointsthat may be expected with these species under good gluing conditions.The data in this report apply directly to laminating and edge gluing, inwhich the tangential or radial surfaces of lumber are glued and thegrain of adjacent pieces is in the same direction.1—Maintained at Madison, Wis. , in cooperation with the University ofWisconsin.Report No. 2030	 Agriculture-MadisonProceduresAll species were at about 8 percent moisture content. Samples to beused for gluing tests were cut into 11/16- by 2-1/2- by 12-inch pieces.Four joints, each consisting of two pieces, were made with each glueand each species except the laurel, for which only enough material wasavailable to make three joints with each glue.The glue was applied to only one surface of each joint. Gluing condi-tions were as given in table 1. After being taken from the press, thejoints were kept in an atmosphere at 80° F. and 30 percent relativehumidity for 1 week before block-shear test specimens were cut. Fiveshear specimens were cut from each joint and were tested dry in auniversal testing machine with the shearing head moving at a rate ofabout 0.015 inch per minute as described in American Society forTesting Materials Method D905-49.ResultsThe average results of the initial dry shear tests of the joints are givenin table 2. The data in table 2 indicate that California laurel offeredsome resistance to gluing with casein and vegetable glues, and thatjoints of inferior quality resulted in all four species when animal gluewas used under conditions favorable to starved joints. However, jointsof good quality were obtained with all four species when animal, glue wasused under good gluing conditions.Joints made in laurel with casein, vegetable, and animal glue under goodconditions were adequate for many purposes, although percentages ofwood failure were lower than with most other hardwood species listedin U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1500,"The Gluing of Wood!'The other three West Coast hardwood species generally produced jointswith higher wood-failure values than did California laurel. Except withvegetable glue, chinquapin appeared to be the easiest of the four speciesto glue.The gluing characteristics of these four hardwoods were compared withdata in U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1500, "The Gluing ofWood," and in Forest Products Laboratory Report No. 1342, "The GluingCharacteristics of 15 Species of Wood with Cold-setting, Urea-resinGlues." In table 3, the species of the present study are grouped, forReport No. 2030	 -2-each glue, with other species that gave similar wood-failure values. Nocomparison could be made for resorcinol-resin glue because this gluehas not been investigated extensively for gluing a large number of species.When reasonable care is used in selection of gluing conditions, a speciescan be expected to produce joints of about the same quality as do thespecies grouped with it in table 3 for a particular kind of glue. Forexample, tanoak may be glued with vegetable (starch) glue under normalor average conditions to produce joints of about the same quality thatwould be produced by this glue in sycamore, black tupelo, or watertupelo. The hardwood species used for comparison in table 3 are notnative to the West Coast. Compared with one of the more commonlyused western hardwoods - red alder - . the gluability of chinquapin re-sembled closely that of red alder when animal or casein glue was used.When vegetable glue was used, madrone compared more closely with redalder in gluability. These comparisons are not, however, so close asthose given in table 3.In table 4 another means of comparing the gluability of the four westernhardwoods is presented. In this table the species are described as easy,moderately easy, or difficult to glue with the several glues, dependingupon the amount of wood failure developed in the joint in the block-sheartests (table 2). In table 4 a species is classified as easy to glue if thewood-failure values' were between 90 and 100 percent, moderately easyto glue if between 50 and 90 percent, and difficult to glue if between 0and 50 percent.In addition to the gluing of these species in lumber form with room-temperature-setting glues, a few tests were made of joints in plywoodmade with tanoak veneers. The tanoak plywood was made with casein,and hot press extended urea-resin, and phenol-resin glues. Good drystrength values were obtained with all three glues. Plywood made withthe resin glues showed good resistance to water in delamination testsand in shear strength after 48 hours , soaking in water.Considering all the glues used, chinquapin could be glued most easily,followed by madrone, tanoak, and California laurel, in that order. Insummary, the four species do not appear. to present unusual gluingproblems, although good joints cannot be expected without moderatecontrol of gluing conditions.Report No. 2030	 -3-	 1. -6Table 1.--Conditions used in preparing block-shear test joints withCalifornia laurel, chinquapin, tanoak, and madroneGlue : Glue formula :Average:Assembly:Pressure:Temperature: Period: glue : time :	 : of wood : underspread:(closed):	 : during : pressure: pressure :: period	 :   °F. HoursCaseinVegetable(starch)	 :	 	:Parts by weight: Grams :Minutes : Lb.persq.in.12 • 200 :••:sq. ft.::FPL 4B formula ::100 parts starch,:225 parts water, :: 3 parts NaOH :Animal (J-2 :100 parts glue, :grade)	 225 parts water:1Animal– (J-2:100 parts glue, :grade)	 : 300 parts water:••Urea-resin :100 partsresin,2 10	 •: parts walnut- :: shell flour, 60:: parts water,: 1.0 part ammo- :nium chloride,: 1.2 parts tri-2 calcium	 •phosphateResorcinol- :A commercialresin		 : glue mixed ac- :: cording to the :: manufacturer's :: directions	 ••3375	 24200 :	 75	 :	 24.:. :0.5 :	 200 :•20	 2003 200 : 80	 2490	 2475	 24••50:200 :	 75 24172 :79 :	 12:29 :411The formula and gluing conditions used favored the formation of starvedjoints.?Urea-formaldehyde resin received from manufacturer with filler or catalystsnot incorporated.Rept. No. 2030Table 2.--Average shear-test results of glued joints in four West CoasthardwoodsAverage shear-test resultsCasein :Vegetable: Animal : Animalx : Urea- : Resor-	glue : (starch : glue :	 glue: resin : cinol-	: glue) :	 .. : glue	 : resin• •	.	 •	.	 •.	 • glue	 : 	 	 : :	Chinquapin :	 .52	 : 2044-88: 1740-68 : 1952-92: 1763-27: 2199-98: 2130-88	:	 .69	 ; 2714-49: 2712-64 : 3042-74: 1880- 8: 3020-90: 3132-65Widrone	 :	 .67	 : 2855-78: 2630-87 : 2675-84: 1447- 0: 2714-86: 2976-86Species :Average :: gravity :•: 0.67	 :Laurel.	. . .	 :2574-28: 2726-17 :• 2929-50: 1234- 2: 3044-83! 2942-77.	 .. :	 .:	 ..._Based on oven-dry weight and volume at 12 percent moisture content. Thesedeterminations were made on specimens from the same lot used in the gluingexperiments.-The value before the dash is the average shear strength in pounds per squareinch; the value after the dash is the average estimated wood failure inpercent. Each value is the average for 15 tests for the laurel and 20tests for each of the other species.–Conditions used in making the test specimens with this glue favored theformation of starved joints.o.aRept. No. 2030Table 3.--Species with which California laurels chinquapin, tanoak, and madrone compared most closely when glued with several glues1-Glue :California laurel: Chinquapin : Tanoak Madrone   Casein :Sugar maple:PersimmonVegetable:Yellow birch(starch):Osage-orangeAnimal :Persimmon:HickoryAnimal6- :Osage-orange:Sugar mapleUrea-	 :Pecanresin :Sugar maple:Black cherry:Soft maple:Red oak:Sycamore:Rock elm:Mahogany•:Hickory:Red oak:Magnolia (sp.)•:Black walnut:Noble fir:Mahogany:Sycamore	 •Southern yellow pine:Black tupelot:Pecan:Water tupelo-:Sweetgum=:Beech:Water tupelo-:Red oak:Maple5:Sweetgum-::Sweet:Sitka spruce:White oak•:Magnolia (sp.):American elm 2:Ponderosa pine-:Beech:White.oak:Black walnut•:Rock elm:Butternut A:Black tupelo4-:Soft maple 2:Ponderosa pine-:Sassafras:Osage-orange:Yellow birch:White ash1Ccmparisons are based on wood-failure values as given in USDA Bull. 1500,Forest Products Laboratory Rept. 1342, and in table 2 of this report.Resorcinol-resin glue was omitted because of lack of data on variousspecies.2Shown as western yellow pine in Bull. 1500.Shown as black gum in Bull. 1500.Shown as tupelo gum in Bull. 1500..Shown as red gum in Bull. 1500.-When used under conditions favoring starved joints.Rept. No. 2030:Difficult:Difficult:Moderately easy:DifficultCaseinVegetable(starch)AnimalAnimal2–Urea resin:Moderately easy :Easy	 :Easy:Moderately easy:ModeratelyResorcinol:Moderately easy:Easyeasy:Moderately easyresin	 • • • •Table 4.--Ease of gluing' of California laurel, chinquapin, tanoak, and madrone with several glues Glue :California laurel: Chinquapin	 Tanoak	Madrone:Moderately easy:Difficult 	 :Moderately easy:Moderately easy:Moderately easy:Moderately easy•:Easy	 :Moderately easy:Moderately easy:Difficult	 :Difficult	 :Difficult1Based entirely on percentage of wood failure developed in the block-sheartest (table 2).-When used under conditions favoring starved joints.Rept. No. 2030• •

Gluing characteristics of chinquapin, tanoak, California laurel, madrone

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Gluing characteristics of chinquapin, tanoak, California laurel, madrone

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