German, A.L.

Heikens, D.

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 Anomalous addition in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymerizationCitation for published version (APA):German, A. L., & Heikens, D. (1975). Anomalous addition in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymerization. EuropeanPolymer Journal, 11(8), 555-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(75)90002-6DOI:10.1016/0014-3057(75)90002-6Document status and date:Published: 01/01/1975Document Version:Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers)Please check the document version of this publication:• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can beimportant differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. 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Feb. 2024European Polymer Journal. Vol. I I, pp. 555 to 558. Pergamon Press 1975 Printed in Great Britain ON ANOMALOUS ADDITION IN ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMERIZATION A. L. GERMAN and  D. HEIKENS Eindhoven University of Technology, Laboratory of Polymer Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (Received 17 January 1975) Abstract--Kinetic and spectroscopic methods for revealing anomalous vinyl acetate--ethylene additions are compared. An expanded copolymer equation is derived. According to this model description, kinetic measurements recording monomer consumption are very insensitive to anomalous addition. It is shown that both i.r. and NMR measurements may be used as methods of determining anomalous additions: the results agree satisfactorily. These results indicate that the fraction of vinyl acetate anomalously adding to an ethyl radical chain-end increases as the ethylene content of the copolymer increases. a finding which may be explained by penultimate effects in anomalous addition. Homopolymerization of vinyl monomers gives polymers with 98-100 per cent "head-to-tail" struc- ture because of the greater thermodynamic advantage of the corresponding propagation step. According to Flory and Leutner [I]  the fraction of "head-to-head" addition at 62 ° can be calculated as 1-5 per cent of the total number of additions in the ease of vinyl acetate. In copolymerization, conditions are more favourable to forming "head-to-head" units if, e.g. ethylene is involved, since steric inhibitions and polar- ity factors restricting the possibility of anomalous addition in homopolymerization, are partly absent. Anomalous addition reactions in high-pressure ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymerization have been considered by Lyubetzky et al. [2,3]. However, in their derivation of an expanded copolymer equation taking into account anomalous additions, some dubious assumptions and approximations were made and, unfortunately, the resulting equation is not quite correct in the published form. So it seems worthwhile to consider an amended model description, and to discuss the possibility of revealing anomalous addi- tion from kinetic and spectroscopic investigations. EXTENSION OF THE MODEL FOR FREE-RADICAL VINYL COPOLYMERIZATION The occurrence of anomalous additions can gener- ally be considered as a special ease of three-com- ponent terpolymerization, where the third component (c) is the anomalously added second component (b). Considering all terpolymer chains, four possibilities seem to exist in which an a sequence can be bounded: ba . . . . . .  a . . . . . .  ab ba . . . . . .  a . . . . . .  ac ca . . . . . .  a . . . . . .  ab ca . . . . . .  a . . . . . .  ac If only propagation steps are considered (which means high molecular weight and steady state for the radicals), it can be seen that the number of sequence- starting transitions equals the number of sequence- ending transitions. An a sequence can be started by either a ba or a ca transition and be ended by an ab or an ac transition. For instance, by definition, p~ is equal to the prob- ability of monomer a adding to radical b, which is equivalent to saying that p~ is the fraction of the b units present in the terpolymer and followed by an a unit, If A, B and C are the absolute amounts of a, b and c present in the terpolymer, respectively, the absolute amount of for example ba transitions is Bpb ~ and consequently: Bpba + Cpc~ = Ap~b + Ap~c for a sequences. (1) similarly Ap, ,  + Cpcb = Bpb, + Bpbc for b sequences (2) and Ap,,  + Bpb ~ = Cp~, + Cp¢b for c sequences. (3) H H H H H H H H ~ C - - C "  "F C ~ C  ~ - - C - - C - - C "  I I t I I I ~ I H Ac AC H H Ac Ac H A c =  - - O - - C - - C H  3 0 Lyubetzky et al. [2,3] made the following assump- tions (expressed in the nomenclature used here) for ethylene (a), vinyl acetate "head-to-tail" (b), vinyl ace- tate "'head-to-head" (c), Pbc = 0, and Pcc = 0 or Pea + Pcb = 1. Pbc = 0 means that a vinyl acetate chain end will not add anomalously a vinyl acetate unit. This may seem a reasonable assumption, since according to Flory et al. [1] only 1"5~o of the propagation steps in homopolymerization of vinyl acetate at 62 ~ lead to anomalous addition. Goff et al. [4] found that an increase of pressure from atmospheric to 6000 kgf/cm 2 during homopolymerization of vinyl acetate at 40 ° leads to a relative increase of 22~0 in anomalous "head-to-head" additions. But even then the assump- tion Pbc = 0 seems quite acceptable. On the other hand. pcc = 0 means that anomalous addition of vinyl acetate will never be followed by another anomalous addition. At present no reasonable grounds are avail- able to justify this statement, the more so as this addi- tion is not restricted by either polarity factors or 555 556 A.L. GERMAN and D. HEIKENS steric hindrance. For this reason only the assumption Pb, = 0 will be made in the following derivation. H H H H H H H H ,~,C--C- + C~C --.,C~ C~ C~C" i f f ~ I f i I AC H AC H AC H AC H From Eqns. (1)-(3), it can be shown that A Pl~(Pca "4- Pcb) B + C = P,b(P~, + P,b) + P,,(P,b + Pb*)" (4) . After the definition for Pb~ (in which k = reaction rate constant  and n = number of moles monomer in the feed): kba na Pba = kb a tla "4- kbb/1 b "4- kbc h e '  and analogous expressions for p,~, Pcb, P~,b and p~¢, Eqn. (4) takes the form: 1 + ~(,n + I) ra dn, - - =  F (5) dnb (r J F ) ( 1  + F--~rJm"¢ \ + 1 + m ( l  + r,+r','~'ff_~r~) where d n  a A dn b B + C ka,~ ka---- ~ = r a kbb kb a rb  kcb - -  ~- re kca kc¢ kca k~c kab II b = I1 c n. = F. I1 b When m = O, Eqn. (5) reduces to the conventional copolymer equation [5,6]. model [5,6]. This means that anomalous additions do not disturb the model fitting within the narrow limits imposed by the experimental error. The latter does not mean, however, that anomalous addition does not occur in these copolymers, but, from kinetic measure- ments, it cannot be decided whether anomalous addi- tion occurs either only rarely or more often with a rate constant only slightly different from that of the normal addition. Inasmuch as the occurrence of ano- malously adding vinyl acetate to ethyl radical chain ends has a small effect in kinetic measurements recording monomer consumption [8]. it is not sur- prising that those measurements, though very precise. do not reveal this effect. Since the presence of anomalous addition shows up unequivocally in e.g.i.r, and NMR spectra, we have resorted to these techniques. EXPERIMENTAL The copolymers were prepared at 62: and 35 atm in tert-butylalcohol with ~. ~' azodiisobutyronitrile. The rele- vant samples were collected before 15°o conversion was reached. Details are given elsewhere [7]. DISCUSSION As in Eqn. (5) both numerator and denominator increase with increasing number of anomalous addi- tions, it can be predicted that change in the rates of disappearance of the monomers will be rather in- sensitive to changes in the occurrence of anomalous additions; this conclusion has been confirmed by simulative calculations. Earlier investigations [7] on the kinetics of ethyl- ene-vinyl acetate copolymerization at low pressure (35 atm) indicate that the experimental data are pre- cisely consistent with the usual Mayo--AIfrey Table I. Rocking deformation vibrations of methylene sequences in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers Band -I cm Infra-red spectroscopy Infra-red measurements were carried out by a method partly analogous to that described bv Lyubetzky et al. [2,3], based on determination of--(CI[-I_,), - sequences which are characteristic of anomalous addition and of --qCH2h-- and --(CHga--  groups which indicate normal addition. The following modifications were made. In the calculation of the concentrations of the --(CH2h--,  ---(CHub-- and ---(CH,)a-- groups, the "'mo- lar" absorptivities of these groups have been taken into account. An estimation of the relevant "'molar" absorptivi- ties has been derived from values reported by McMurry and Thornton [9] for methylene sequences in paraffinic hydrocarbons as well as from our own measurements on model compounds (see Table I). In addition. Lyubetzky's factor 2. representing the frac- tion of--(CH,)2--  sequences formed by "'head-to-head" addition has been calculated according to the relation 2 = .~/ff + 1). The number average sequence length of ethylene sequences (x-) has been calculated from the kinetic data [7]. This estimation of 2 holds under the following conditions: (1) any anomalous vinyl acetate to ethylene addition will be followed either directly, or after a sequence of anoma- lous vinyl acetate to vinyl acetate additions, by a normal vinyl acetate addition: and (2) the number average sequence length of vinyl acetate sequences > 2. The first condition is probably met but cannot be easily verified. The second condition is completel.x satisfied in the present case. For the various samples, the percentage of anomalous vinyl acetate additions to ethyl radical chain-ends has been computed according to the equation: °~ an°mal°us additi°n = ;" ( -  "4~*a ': s~ )  × 100%. ¢ =6.5 l c =9.0 2 c =10.5 3 -(CH2) I- -(CH2) 2- -(CH2) 3- 797 743 725 Sequence "Molar" absorptivity c mole "I cm -I 1 Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymerization 557 Table 2. Anomalous addition of vinyl acetate to ethyl radical chain-ends related to copolymer composition Mole % ethylene in copolymer 9.5 i0.0 11.8 16.2 31.3 33.7 43.3' 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.60 0.61 0.66 % of anomalous vinylacetate additions to ethyl radical chain ends IR h~MR 3.9 4.6 4.2 4.4 5.6 7.0 8.1 10.2 12.0 10.8 12.0 14.8 13.2 The absorbances (A) were measured from i.r. spectra of copolymer films (film thickness approx. 0'1 mm) recorded with an Hitachi-EPI G04 spectrophotometer. A typical spectrum is shown in Fig. I. The results of the measurements are shown in Table 2. NM R measurements In order to provide further evidence. NMR analysis has been applied. The sample solutions were prepared to con- tain 10 wt °o of copolymer in chloroform. Tetramethyl- silane was added as an internal reference. The spectra were recorded with a Varian HA 100 MHz spectrometer using the double resonance technique which permits spin-spin decoupling of the methylene and methine proton spectra. In addition, the integrals were recorded. A typical spec- trum is shown in Fig. 2. The percentage of anomalous vinyl acetate additions to ethyl radical chain-ends has been calculated according to: × 100~;, % anomalous addition = 2 2S~ + S~ + S, where S,. S, and S~ are the areas of the relevant peaks (see legend Fig. 21. The results are listed in Table 2. I 0 0 -  8 0  6O o q- 4- "~: 4 0  t..-- 2 0  o F- o W o v e  n u m b e r ,  c m  - I  Fig. 1. Infra-red spectrum of an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (11.8 mole % ethylene). Sample thickness. 0-07 mm. 797 cm -l .  ---[CHzI~--. peak a; 743 cm-L  ----(CH_,)_,--, peak b; 725 cm- '. ---(CH2)3--. peak c. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION While  precise kinetic measurements  [8] do not in- dicate the occurrence of anomalous  addit ions in e thylene-vinyl  acetate copolymerizat ion,  their pres- ence can be revealed by i.r. as well as NMR analysis. Al though  the results of the two techniques agree satisfactorily, we consider the N M R  method to be the more  reliable, because the p ro ton  signals are di- rectly p ropor t iona l  to the p ro ton  concentra t ions  whereas  the "mola r"  absorptivi t ies  required for i.r. measurement s  will impair  the accuracy. The order of magni tude  of  the percentage of anomalous  addi t ion 03 7. ,50 c 8 0 0  8 5 0  9 .00 r ,  ppm Fig. 2. Double resonance NMR spectrum {100 MH/) ol an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer 143-3 mole ",, eth\- lene). Tetramethylsilane as internal standard, r = 7-95. CH3COO---: r = 8"15. ~ H A c - - C H 2 - - C H A c - - .  pe~tk a: r = 820.--CHAc--CIzl_,--CH_,--CHAc--. peak b: : = 850. ---CHAc--C_I_H_.--CH_,--CHz--CHAc--. peak c: z = 8"70. - -CHAc- -CH : - - C H , - - C H  z--( 'HAc-- ,  includ- ing - - C H A c - - C H  ,---MCH~ L--CH _---CHAc--. pc~k d 558 is confirmed by an estimation of 15~ by Lyubetzky et al. [2,31. It is apparent from the results of the structural in- vestigations (see Table 2) that the percentage of ano- malous vinyl acetate to ethylene additions increases from 5 to 13%~ as the amount of ethylene in the co- polymer increases from 10 to 43 mole ~o. This significant phenomenon leads to the conclusion that the anoma- lous addition of vinyl acetate to an ethyl radical chain-end is statistically less advantageous when the penultimate unit of the growing chain is vinyl acetate as compared with ethylene. The minimum "distance" between two acetate side- groups, resulting from an anomalous vinyl acetate addition to an ethyl radical chain-end [eqn. (6)], is two methylene groups. In the case of a normal addi- tion of vinyl acetate to an ethyl radical chain end [Eqn. (7)]. this minimum "distance" is three methyl- ene groups. Therefore, penultimate influences on polarity factors and steric hindrance will play a greater part in the anomalous addition according to [Eqn. (6)] than in the normal addition given in [Eqn. (7)]. Consequently, the anomalous addition [Eqn. (6)] will be more sensitive to replacement of residue X by an ethylene unit than the normal addition [Eqn. (7)]. This is in agreement with the present results. Finally. it should be emphasized that only anoma- lous vinyl acetate to ethylene addition can be revealed by the present techniques. Once a polymer chain has A. L. GERMAN and D. HEIKENS I I , ' - ~ - , C H 2 - - C H ~ - C H 2 - - C H - ; - C H 2 - - C H 2 .  + C H = C H  2 I : I : I AC t AC ~ AC I I ~ - -  x - - . ,J  , ~ . , C H ~ - - C H ~ - C H z - - C H / C H , - - C H 2 - - C H - - C H 2 "  ( I ) - l i  - i AC ~ AC ~ AC I I , ' , . ,CHz--CH-;--CH2-- CH-T- CH2- -  CH2- -CH2-CH • ( 2 } I I I I I AC ~ AC ~ Ac been formed, any possible sequences of anomalously added vinyl acetate units can basically not be dis- tinguished from normal sequences. Only knowledge of the complete distribution of units along the polymer chain would provide suffacient information to solve completely the general problem of anomalous addition. These considerations suggest that all of the evidence is not yet available on the occurrence of ano- malous addition even in apparently normal vinyl homopolymerization. REFERENCES 1. P. J. Fiory and F. S. Leutner, J. Polym. ScL 3, 880 (1948). 2. S. Lyubetzky, A. Goldenberg, F. Duntoff and B. Erussalimsky, J. Polym. Sci. C, 6, 109 (1968). 3. S. G. Lyubetzky, B. L. Erussalimsky and A. L. Goldenberg, DokL Akad. Nauk SSSR 172, 1372 (1967). 4. A. L. Goff, V. M. Zhulin and M. G. Gonikberg, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 176, 1302 (1967). 5. F. R. Mayo and F. M. Lewis, J. Am. chem. Soc. 66, 1594 (1944). 6. T. Alfrey Jr. and G. Goldfinger, J. chem. Phys. 12, 205 (1944). 7. A. L. German and D. Heikens, J. Polym. Sci. At, 9, 2225 (1971). 8. A. L. German and D. Heikens, Analyt. Chem. 43, 1940 (1971). 9. H. L. McMurry and V. Thornton, A~talyt. Chem. 24, 318 (1952). 

Anomalous addition in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymerization

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Anomalous addition in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymerization

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