Williams, N.J.

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   University of GroningenOn the ontogeny of behaviour of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Günther)Williams, N.J.IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:1972Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Williams, N. J. (1972). On the ontogeny of behaviour of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum(Günther). s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 01-02-20244 A AI U USUT,flUA3YThis paoerts aim is fourfcld": (  t  )  to describe the ontogeny of thebehavior.ir irt a stock of CiehLasoma nigrofaseiatum, (2) tu relate theontogenetical sequence into the biology ancl g: 'oup behaviour, (3) toconstruct a plausible motivational model which is consonant with the ob-senrations and also ad^apti-vely functional,ancl ()+) to d"raw attention tothe consequences of the ontogeny/phylogeny interrel-at ionship.The present linited knowledge of the eeology and biology in natureis reporbed ( I. r ) , anci some d"ata on the biology in the laboratory pre-sented. (f f f  .B). I t  is concludeo that parenta-l  care ieads to enhancedsryvival of the brood., inf luences the composit ion of the microbial- f loraon the eggs o ff id raises the level of act ivi ty of the larvae.The .onroductive cycle pai r format ion , te ritorial d.efenee , prê-^ - -Yparation of the spawnirrg-site, and. parental eare is brief ly described( f .d) .  fn  parb ieular ,  the mode of  se lect ion of  the parbner  and.  thespavning-territory d.epend.s on the populat ion densi ty and this apparentlypart ly in relat ion to the nunber of sheltered. si tes avai lable to thef ishes.  The behavioura l  e lenents of  the adul ts  ( f .c)  ana juveni les( t l . c )  a re  l i s ted .  Paren ta l  ca re  cons is ts  o f  ac t i v i t i es  to  ac t i va te ,to feed., to group , and to def encl the young. The parental element s ofAerati tg, Retr ieving, and" especial ly Findigging, and the juveni le ele-men'c s of Und.ulating , Approaching-parent , and" Svirrning-in/to-Findiggingappear to be of the greatest ad.aptive significance to the integratedfamily structure of parents anri. swarm.The development of the behaviour of the ino.ivid.ual ( f f ) i s describedchronological ly and. in detaj- l .  For d.escript i .ve pur?oses the juveni lebehaviour  is  sp l i t  in to the categor ies of  responses:  to  the parents,  tothe swarm.-feIlows, to some simpie applied. d.is"burbances, ar:C other be-haviour. The early repertoire contains fever motor patterns and j-sassociated. with fewer objects and st inul i  in the immediate surroundingsthan the later repertoire. By the )th day of f teely swimming, the feedingbehaviour of searchj-ng and. biting at the bottom has d.eveloped into thetSpical adrflt pattern. At about the 20th day the nurnber of nanipulatorybehaviours d. irected. 'bo the substrate increases sud.denly, as d^oes thenr:mber of agoni st ic behaviours at about the 30th day.The signif icBnce of the d.evelopmenial stage of the benaviour of thejuveni les to  the behaviour  of  the sr^rarm is  td iscussed ( lv . l ) "  At  aboutthe stage where the j':venil-es rapid"l.y expand their manipulatory reper-ioire, af ld where the causes for or occurrence of sociai f leeing continuemarked.ly longer in their influence on the immed.iately subst:quen-r, be-haviour, the parental element of FinCigging loses i ts control l ing in-fluence on the travel of the swarin oveï the bottom.The causal imptications of the changes in the behaviour d.uring theontogeny are d.i scussed. ( ïV. a. i-v ) . Some behavioural change s are clearlyd.ue to morphological changes. Fcr the rest ,  consideration of tbe notorpatterns, the objects and st imuli  reacted" to, and. temporal relat ionsbetween the elements, l-eads to the con'struetion of an hypothesized modelof the raotivational structure rluring t,he ontogeny. This model is theninterpreted. and. presented in terrs of d.r ive concepts to explain thebehaviour. First ly, simple si imulus-response chains of behaviorirs ared.istingr-rished. from those where continuing internaJ- factors influencesubsequent behaviours. The hytrrothesis is that there develops dur:ingthe ontogeny internal- eausal linking between some behaviours but notothers , ffid that those which are linked", arLl linked" in d.ifferent groups.At the same t ime as this witnin-group l inking proceedso a l inking betweenrc---- 'groups causes the construction of new behavioural elements and.n becausemore externai and internai events become linked. causal agents for theovert behaviour, there i  s a conespond.ingly great increase in the be-haviourally effecti're environmental complexity. The division of the be-haviour into d.rive complexes changes through the ontogeny. It i s su.g-gested. that there always remains an a^:nount of behaviour which i s onlyloosely i f  at al- l  l inked wiih the rest by internal causal binding.The behaviour can be interpreted such that (t  )  in the beginning, majord. r ives for  school ing and substrate- feed. ing ex is t ,  (2)  la i ;er ,  a  majord.r:ive for manipulation develops wittrin the substrate-feed.ing major drivewhifst some aggressive behaviours result partly frorn both the schoolingand the substrate-feed.ing major d.r ives, (E) st i l l  tater, major d.r ivesfor schoolingo attaek, f leeing, manipulat ion, and feed.ing can be d. ist in-guished. but have at the sarne time undergone partial integration( ï v . ( " ) . i v .  1 ) .The relationship between the hypothesized motivationaf structureand  some o ther  theor ies  i s  then  d . i scussed ,  (1V .  (a ) . i v .  1 .b ) ,  and  the  ro leof attention and orientation is emphasizecl. It is contend.ed that con-sidering the manners and d.egrees of the integrations of major driveswill be more fruitful in research than focusing on the conflicts betweentheir component d.r ives.An interpretation of the causatiore. of some selected. behaviours isb r i e f l y  p r e s e n t e d .  F o r  t h e m  ( ï V .  ( a ) . t ) ,  a n d  g e n e r a l l y  ( I V .  ( " ) . v i ) ,  t h eoverall functional adaptedness of the motirrational structure is d.is-cussed .The importance, for inter-specif ic and phylogenetic stud.ies, ofireterochrony in the behavioural d.evelopment is cornmented on (IV. (a).vi i  ) .

On the ontogeny of behaviour of the cichlid fish <i>Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum</i> (Günther)

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On the ontogeny of behaviour of the cichlid fish <i>Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum</i> (Günther)

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