Recently, the application of particle accelerators to medicine, materials science, and other industrial uses has increased dramatically. A random sampling of some of these new programs is discussed, primarily to give the scope of these new applications. The three areas, medicine, materials science or solid-state physics, and industrial applications, are chosen for their diversity and are representative of new accelerator applications for the future

Knapp, E.A.

UNT Digital Library

“~&uR -81.-818TITLE: NEWAPPLICATIONSOFPARTICLE ACCELEh “,TORSINMEDICINE,MATERIALSSCIENCE,AND INDUSTRYAUTHOR(S): E. A. KnappSUBMllTED TO: 1981 particle AcceleratorConferenceMarch 11-13, 1981, Washington, DCForm No. liWf13St, No.76WffW7S,_,)l%cl ~1~, ,, . . . . . ----— -—---”.. . . . .. ... . .[“” ,.“““l..UVmaplm~ of tht- wlide, tha pubhstwr rmognlmt that tlmU.S. Gowrmrmnt mtnns s norwrnclww, rovdtv fma Ilmmato @ll\h or rqwodurm the pubhdrd form of this comrlbu.UmI, or 10 ●flow ottwm to do an. for U.S. Gowrmwnt pwprmTlm Lm AlmIna Scmntiflc Lhntm~ nrqurnh tht Ilw PIAI.lIBfr=I i(knofy this nrhd- m work pwfcrrrmrrfurdnr Ilw ●mpirw of IM [ 1.S Delmrrlmnt of Engrgy.- LOS AlAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORYPostOfficeBox 18G3 Los Alamos, New Mexico 87W5An Affhnattve Actbn/Equal Opporlu~ -lb,I,,fiih APPLICATIONS OF PARTICLE AL.CLLEfiATORS IN MEO!CINE, MATERIALS sCIENCE, AhLJ INDuSTRY*E. A. KnappLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los A“lamos, New Mexico 87545IntroductionRecently, the application of particle acceleratorsto medicine, materials science, and other industrialuses has increased dramatically. A random samplingof some of these nes programs is discussed here, pri-marily to give the scope of tbl”sc new applications.This survey is certainly not meJnt to be exhaustive,and any omissions are regrett~d. The three areas,n,~dicirie,materials science or solid-state physics,and industrial applications, are chosen for theirdiversity and are representative of new acceleratorapplications ffir the future.New Applications in MedicineHistorically, the application] of accelerators tomedicine ~ccurred almost simultaneously with the in-vention 0.’ accelerators themsc!ves, as Rofntqerl rayswere used for medical x-ray purposes almost as srJonas they were discovered. Recently, the applica+.lonof accelerator tecnnolog.v to the generation of mereexntic radiations fnr cancer therapy has be~n at theleading edge of radiotherapy research. Pi me~ons,heavy iOnS, and nt?utrOns are bi>ing dp[l’liPdto ViirlOUitUIn(lr types hlttl Vdryill(j dPgf-(’tS Jf sllc(~ss. Ingvllcral, it is still too ecirly to predict success orfailure for these search efforts. In pi-mcscnthdrapy. there hav~ recvnlly Leen two neh f,?rilitirscompleted and therapy started, in addition to the oneolder cngoing thrrJpy program at the Los Alamos M~sonPhysics Facility (LAMPF).Thr first of these new programs is at the SwissInstitute for Nucle~r Research (SIN) near Zurich.!.wit~crland. The SIN ring cyclotron operates at ovprlUU-@ averagt? proton current at a peak ene-gy of5911 MeV. Aboot 20-IJ4 curr~ilt can be divert~d to amrcon therapy treatment facility on a continuousbasis so that, as in the cas~ with LAFf’F, a programof pi-mrson radiation ther~py can bc carried onwithout severe intp:fer<nce with thr or,gol.1[1pli,ysicsrrsrarch proqram. Figure I ‘.hows the beom i~,y~IIIlatSIN, which allow!i this bealhs:laring mode of operation.The pion delivery system at SIN uses a modified ver-sion of the superconducting “Orange Peel” spcctrometor, ftrst suggesttd and lat~,r constructed and testedby lhe Stdnfofd Univvr$ity Iiiyh [nrrrjy Physic% Labora-tory group for this purpose. In this sys.tcm, a veryl~ryc, overall fraction uf thr prnducetl pi mesons isacctiptcd by fbrming bll independent “beamlets,” allwith ,1cormnun oriqlll anti d conmmn focal point. Sol irt-angle accrplal)ces UI UP Ln I sr with mom~nturn accept-ances of ~~% are possible with SUCII a system. Fiq,lrc 2ShOW!i the l~jJUt of thr Sih “PIUIRON.’” Althuuqh thraccurate deliv,~ry of Ml pion bpami may,s~l,m n furmid-ai)lp task, SIN hcts madr qnod proqrpss On solvirrq thi~proillem. initially, thu pirrn rl,annrl~ will hr tunrrftu thr same momcnturn. The pdtient ’s tumor is sclnnedwith Lhc brwn-sttrppirlg radiation peak by merhanl [allymovinq the pi)tierltwiLhiII a w~t~r t)olus to cover thrtr[~htnl(}ntVolOmP IlniflJrnllY. FUtUrf) dPVI!lOpIIIClltWillSrII wwrq,y mutilation wifhin oarh beam an(i mny r~muvethr rrqulrpmrnt ior p,lticnt mechanical motion. An cx-trmnrly irnp,lrtantand dtffir-ulf a~prct of pinn riidifi-tloll thrrap,y lit.% in th~ devvlopmrnl nf an i.dvquatrrnl)drlnf thr r,ldiat ion dotr qivon ihv pfltiI.II!by thvboamim 1111)SIN grou] has rfFVI-lOpPd n calruiatiurral.-.....‘-H”[)r~”pwf olmc~’l;ndor thr iiu~pices of thr USDepartmmt of Inrrqy.model of the radiation produced by the 60 beams andhas been successful in applying this model to theactual bcdy cross section and density variationsrealized in practical radiotherapy.This program is presently in the active starl-~jpphase. Patients have been kreated in the “Plt)TkO!d,”an,! an active referral network has been establishedin the S~iss hospital sys$.ei],.Perforrrl~llc~,as re-ported by the SIN staff, indicates an ultimate doserate of 40 rads/min/liter tre?:m?nt vclurne, ad~q:,aicto initiate trials for therapeutic treatnlent cf awide vari~>ty of tumors.The second new pion therdpy progrdm has beeninitiated at the TRlll~!TiOcility in Vancnuvcr,Liritist~Columbia, [.anada, The TRILII+_cyclutror, is anegative-ion cyclotron with a proton current ofappraximattly lUO ~1 at a peak energy of 4iICrMe:’.In the case of the TIllUMF accelerator, the entir~proton beam is used for pion generation, and as inthe case of LAMPF, m~jltiple-bearn lines view the s?rletarget. Figure 3 shows the pion b~am channel layui,tat the TRIUMF facility. The pion collection chonnelustci for this faciiity is of corlventionJl constrl,~-tion, with a chain of conventional bending and ~lja:lrl-pole marjnrts collecting and purifying the bear fordirection to the tumor volume. The system performan(tallows a p~ak-dose rate of approximately ,?0 rads/minin a small volumr, anri a large field-dose rate ofapproxirnatriy 4 rads/min/liter with a 15.cm stoppinqwidth. Light patients with multiple small skin-nod.,1,,tumors havp been treJted to date. The first trc~l-ments wcrf} undertaken in Oecember 1!’79. Sevrralfacility improvements are planned in the nvxl yrar or50, including an increased current capability and in-clusion of a permanent maan{,t-auadrur.role verv nearthe target location. Add;ng a.SIN-t~pc suPe;cori-ducting colle~’ion system is being considered.Coupled with the ongoirlg pion therapy progr(llllLas Alamus, wilich has treated 15LIpatients so tarhas started phase 111 clinical trials (randomizedpatient selection and tumor stages amenable totherapeutic treatment), these new facilities willsoon give ,!clear picture of the efficacy of piontherapy In the control of mallqnanl tumors. ManyalCrllllill{tldl Siq!ls point to important contrlblltiorli fI’on,thcsp programs. At LOS Alamo>, the acrelrrator devrl-opmmt required to make pion thprapy possible in ahospital ??nvironment has proqr~sscd dramatically ir)thr PltiMl program, fun[fvciby the Nati[lntliCitrrerlnstitutl,. W~~h f.h~ \(lr(pssflJl d,lmol,~tratloll”of th(,ra(iio-frequency quadruprrlp accrlrratrrr system, ; cle,lrroute to makinq a linrar ac[:cirr~tur system both IrI)-nr)rnicaliy feasfblr an[i (ompat iblr in sizp with ahospital instfillatiorr has been demon~tr,ltr(i. Thl’accvlrratnr cnnmmrrity i5 prepared to satisfy themrdical requirrwr(.rrtsto make wid~sprc,l(i pinn thrr,lpya pnssibilily, if Lhc onquing trials cnntinur tn huSucrvssflll .The application 01 heavy Ions 10 canrer lhcr~l)yis nlso progressing rd~idly. Althuogh no new pruqramshavv trtw) initiated in the lhst few y~ars, thl, heavyiofr thrr-apy program al thr Iierkelry Bevalat has bcvllqultr slJl(’1,.,\flli,The LtlL accelerator colmwnily i~activrly ~tuiiyiny thr problems hssrrciatwt with adrdicht(,d h,-avy iorl Syn{hrotrurl fOr ho\[Jitd~ u$(!.J’”,lJ;=-,/&’. ■ urnam,- “---–:-l _-l ;’) -..,,0-+I●■-. 1.m-.--h:i~1. \l%/1 !r.IfBwlmcobmlc1Imc 11mblcaPlm t-l Flm ZIlm-..-.— .—VlfmIwlnhP*VACIL1l* II“1 -fl-;~ ,1Plink,r. .r.. . . ..I.....1Fig. 1, SIN accelerator and experimental hall layout.Fig. 2. SIN pfon thwapy appllcatoro ‘PI!)TRON. ” Slaty hram% arr Praducwf In ● pi~-shaprd confiqurattnn nhnutthe beam axis.2IFig. 3. Layout of the biomedicalchannel at TRIUMr. The central.2)+$=quadruple triplet nas a 12-in. -. 1aperture. “’++s’Also, the PIGM1 technology at Los Alamos, coupledwith a high-charge-state ion source, such as theEBIS, makes a very interesting and compact heavy iontherapy radiation source. rhis combination is beingconsidered at Los Alamos.New Accelerato~~l ications in Material Scierlce—— -—Two areas of accelerator application inmatcrialsscience are the generation of thermal neutron beamsby spallation neutron sources for basic mat~rialsscience research, and the generation of fast neutronbeams for radiation damage studies relatlng to thermo-nuclear reactors.Spal’lation Neutron Sources.—Spallation neutron sources for matrrials scienceare in operation, under construction, or under co~s\d-eratlon in the United States, Great Br!lain, Germany,and Japan. Cperating facilities at present includethe IPNS-1, at the Argonne Pational Laboratory, de-scribed in d?tail by the previous speaker; the UNRfacility attached to the LAWF accelerator; and thepulsed-neutron facility associated with the borrstcrsynchrotrons at KEK in Japan. The most powerful ofthesr facllltles is the IPNS-I at Argonne, where anar~ive program of matcr{als science 1s under way,Research using r:eu~ron scattering provides essen-tial P:IJ unique information about the microscopicnature of a %nad spectrum of phwrwna occurring inftelds as div?rsp as materials science and bio]oqy.Thr neulron lf an ●xcel lent probr of condensed matterbecause it has no charge and, whfm thermal f?erf, has awavelength approxlmat~ly th~ SNIM as the atorrrlc. sepa-rations. In addition, its magnrtic momnt COUPICS itto the magnptlc structurp of bulk. condens~d matter,lhe neutron acts effrctlvely as a ~sfsivrI prob?,causing Itttle perturbation of the system underinvestiqdtion. derausp of thr thermal nelltron’srather low ●nergy and short wav?lrn!lth, tnelasttcneutron sca~.teriny ~an bt. USrd to mr,nsurc l[}w-cnrrgy(Milli-electron volt) exc!tattons of col,dpnsedmafterat short wavelengths, a reytmp that IS not acc~sstbleby any other mmdern spcctroscl)pic trctrniqur.Neutron diffraction can be used to examinestructural questions in a fashion similar tox-ray diffraction. However, the neutroninteracts most strongly with the nucleus ratherthan the electron, so that its scattering crosssection is such that neutron diffraction oftenprovides unique information regarding crystal ormolecul~r structure. Neutrons are a particularlypowerful probe for investigating light atoms sJchas hydrogen, because of the sizable interactionof neutrons with these atoms (compared tox rays). Neutrons are also essential in studiesof the hydrogen bonds that underlie themicroscopic properties of broad classes ofmateridls, ranging from soft ferroelectricz tobiomolecules.The determination Jf complex magnr?tlcstructures iS almost entirely based on neutrondiffr~ction. The nature of the magnetic order inchromium, rare earth metals, and mmerousinsulating compounds has been established. Inaddition, the magnetic excitations of thesematerials are uniquely p)obed hy ineiasticneutron scattering.Research using neutron scattering typicirlly hasbeen done at l~rge research reactors, such as the ILLreactor in Grenoble, France. Recently, however, thevalue of the spallation sr)urcc iI the thermal neutronresearch area has been more widely appreciated.Accelerator-driven pulsed neutron sources are idealwhere the source must be pulsed for a sholt time, bev?ry high in intensity, have a low garrtndbackground,and allow a vers~tile moderator geometry for tailoringbeams precisely to the particular experimnt. To gdinan order cf magnitude i,Ipeak th(!tVIIdl neutron flux,the spa!lation source is the only route availdble,sl~ce reactor power densilles become !mpractlcal.1 will briefly discuss the twJ large spallnti.~nneutron sources under construction, one at Los Alarnosard the other at the Ruth~rford Lab in England. Theyillustrate the parameters required for ?hese sourcusand also two wnys of approaching the acceleratorproblem, one with a rapid cycling synchrotrons, th{,other with a fixed-energy storagu ring.SNS The Autherford=latioll Neutron Source.—.—The &is a ra=c~ing sync~”r=~pe~-vdesiynrd for thermal neutron production. Thr syslrmparanrctpr” lncludr the following.Prata,~ design intensityProtorl kinetic energyInjuct!rhl energyHepetltlon rateInjection schcmcMoan radius of synchrotrons[)uratlnr of proton pLIlsIylarg~t powerAverage proton currrnt2.5 m 1(1’ ’ppp800 Mev7LI Mev!J3 ;1711- charqv rxchnnqr?b.O m0.7? us.!5[1kU (lbO-kUb~am)i!t)cUAThrmaln tpchnlcal probl~m assoclatml with thi>source is part~cle Ios> and the -esulta,,i actlvatlollof the h~celer.lto~ components. Thr intpnsity ni2.5 x 10” protons pa- pul>e 4s essewtihlly thespac~-charge lfhlft for the ring at Injertlon ●nrwg,y;very ca,.~ful taflor:ng of emittanc~ on injcctlnn willbp required to limit beam spill.Construction is WFII und~r way at Rutherford. ;hrinjector Iinac is thr old PLA r?butlt for this repetl-tton rate. Figurr 4 shows the layout of the SNS. ThF●ntirp facility is Iuc&ted in the building complexthat hous~d thr N1fWP accelerator, which was decrxwmlss~onrd in 1976. It ts now expected that the 5NS.E&t’”,,,,. ,...-1~~.L.-. .JSNiELDING /SPULATlONTNiGET--. .-—.. —-. .ti‘*;’I “,~ idd lNJEC~ ‘- “source will turn on in 1985 and that an active rt’-search program will follow.PSR, the Los Alamos Proton Storge Ri~ TheProton Storageti Y-) at Los~lam{s—is d staticstorage ring using H- injection of a fu]l-eneraybeam from the LAMPF 8L10-MeV linear accelerator. “Thesystem parameters include the following.proton design intensityProton kinetic encryyInjection energyRepetition rateInjection schemekk?an radius ,f storage ringDuration of proton pulseAverage proton currrntSpace-charge limit5 x 1013ppp797 MeV797 MeV12 HzH- charge exchange14.4 m0,2?0 ps100 LA4 x 1014 pppAs with the SFiS s’nchrotron, beam loss Is a majortechnicdl problem LO be considered in the design ofthis source. Special attention h?s been paid tu ucamloss tn the beam-~xtraction system to minimlzp arti-vatlon. The PSN also oprrntes in a short-pulse modefor fast neutron tlmc-of-fliqht measurements, andwill be used for both materials science and fast-nputron physics. Ftgurr 5 shows th~ plan vi~w of thrPSR.Construction of the PSR h,ls been started, andco@letton 1s projected for 19U5. The overallproject Involves modifying LAM’I for a high-currentH- beam, building the storage ring, and upgradingthe neulron-source target for htgh-averaqe power.Fast Neutron Sourcp for Materialt Damage Studtes-----.—_.___ .-.....-. — ___ ..-.-—The Fusion Materials Irradit. lon Test Facility(FflIT) IS a very hiyh-power dwtt?rorr linear acceler-ate desfgn~d to produce fast (14 HPV) neutron fluxesto test material candidates for ffrst-wall applica!.tonrfg, 4. Layout of SN5 facility.riq. 5. PSlf layout.in futurr fu$ion reactors. ftfll will bc, whrn cm-plrtcd, the highr>t current ion Iinrnr ac[.rl~rntorpvw buili. Sorer paramrl(rs of the FMII accc}rr~lurare llsti’d below.Deu~l,ron intensity lLNIMADeut.eron energy 35 MPVBeam power 3.5 WInjection energy 75 kVRadio-frequency quiidrupolr ?5 kV + 2 HrVDrift-tLbe Itna[ 2 MeV + 35 MrVlnlnl kl power ?.S MUNrutro~ target liqui~i lithiumSanq~l,.volum~ lo~b n/cma/\ f cclhc FMIT accelerator ts to be built and nperfitefi~n Hanford, Washington, by th~ Uestinyhousc IlanfordC-any. Desiqn of tho accel~rator portlont of thr ,4 Iproject and the operation of a 5-PteV prototype are therespcmsibility of the Los Alamos National Laboratory.The prototype is more than half comPlete, aild opera-tion 1s expected in 1982. Comple?lon of the FMITfacility is expected in 1985.An interesting feature of the accelerator combinesa low-voltage injector and a radio-frequency quarlru-pole accelerator system to provide Injection into thedrift-tuoe linac. The radicrfrequency quiidrupoledesign tube captures 95% Gf a direct-current 75-kVion beam, bunches this beam, and accelerates it tothe required 2 MeV. The beam’s target is unique; itmust dissipate 3.5 MM of beam power while providing avery high conversion from deuterons to fast neutr~ns.The liquid-metal coolant technology developed forfast-reactor systems will be adapted to provide awindowless flowing lithium target for this neutronproduction. Figure 6 shows a layout of the FRITaccelerator system wiLh beam transpor. Lo two targetstations.N~~ A~licatioc< in Industry——— —The New England Nucl~ar CamPany has undertakenthe construction @f d very larqe proton linear accel-erator for the corrrrsrcial production of rfldioar.tivrisotopes for its custcmr>. Somt pardmcters for thisaccelerator include thr following.proton energyProton intensityInjection energyBeam powerRF duty facturLavily lengltlN,)mber of drift LubrsIocu\ing $ystcm45 MrV5 md avq750 krV~2J kk12%?t.fi5 m10Upt’rmancnt maqrm)tThe design of this accelerator is conventionalexcept for the focusing system, which uses fOr thefirst time, in a linear ion accelerator, permanentmagnets located inside the drift tubes af the reso-nant radio-frequency cavity. This is a Significantadvance in accelerator technology and should resultin a reliable and elegant system for this Industrialuse. First operation of the NEN linac is expected inabout one year, The enerqy is chosen to Optimizt theproduction of <OIT1 , an isotope now in very gre~tdemand for medical applications.In conclusion, 1 can or,y point out that I ha$ebarely scratched the surface of nen applications ofparticle accelerators. Many lower energy machinesare being used for mediral diagnosis and therapv, insolid-state Physics, &nd in industrial ap?licatlc!ns,and are now making a significant contribution to Gbrgross industrial output. I believe the nc~t de[?dewill see further substantial use of accelerator tech-nology in fields far from those where thii techr~tilog.vwas first developed.won ~ MAM -’vaAuuam sTmMIiq. b. I.nyout of the [MIT accelerator sysLeiiI.5

New applications of particle accelerators in medicine, materials science, and industry

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New applications of particle accelerators in medicine, materials science, and industry

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