A generalized Dynamic Energy Budget model including 3D shape changes for modeling small pelagic fish growth

Abstract

International audienceSmall pelagic fish (SPF) are key components of marine ecosystems, transporting energy from the lower to the upper trophic levels and thereby influencing the dynamics of the entire ecosystem. Understanding their complex growth patterns from early life stages to adulthood is fundamental to accurately predict larval survival and predator-prey dynamics, which are influenced by individual size. However, growth models are generally unable to accurately reproduce the growth acceleration and deceleration phases observed, particularly during early life stages. Here we propose a growth model based on a Dynamic Energy Budget model (modified as in Maury, 2019 to properly account for size-dependence of maintenance) that captures deviations from pure isomorphy. It represents the fish’s body as an ellipsoid and differentially allocates volumetric growth to length, height and width as a function of the distance between the current shape and characteristic stage-dependent shape attractors (expressed as width/length and height/width ratios). The resulting surface-to-volume ratios mechanistically explain the “metabolic acceleration” often invoked to explain early life growth patterns. We estimated model parameters for three important SPF species in the Benguela upwelling system, using data covering growth at all life-stages, transitions between life-stages, and reproduction. The calibrated models reproduced the observed deviations from isomorphy, with exponential length-dominated growth until metamorphosis, then a shift to height- and width-dominated growth (with a corresponding deceleration of length growth) until the adult shape is reached, and finally isomorphic (characteristic von Bertalanffy) length growth. These deviations from the usual von Bertalanffy growth model could profoundly affect our understanding of larval survival, predator-prey and ecosystem-dynamic