Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection in Adult Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study in Japan

Abstract

Akie Yoshida,1 Kazuhiro Furumachi,2 Etsuko Kumagai,2 Keiko Hosohata1 1Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan; 2Department of Nephrology, Kenwakai Hospital, Nagano, JapanCorrespondence: Keiko Hosohata, Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan, Tel +81-72-690-1271, Fax +81-72-690-1023, Email [email protected]: The aim of the study was to identify the characteristics of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to determine risk factors for COVID-19 infection in Japanese patients.Patients and Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective observational study in Japanese adult patients (≥ 20 years) who visited Kenwakai Hospital (Nagano Japan). We analyzed data of 378 patients (mean age, 75 ± 14 years; men, 54%) from the hospital’s electronic information system. COVID-19 was diagnosed by polymerase-chain reaction. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on diagnosis of COVID-19.Results: Patients infected with COVID-19 showed significantly higher rates of men (69.8 vs 51.6%, P = 0.025) than uninfected control patients. After adjustment for possible confounding factors, COVID-19 infection was significantly associated with BUN (odds ratio [OR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01– 1.03) and serum creatinine (Scr) (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05– 1.24). This association was observed in men (BUN, P = 0.012; Scr, P = 0.012), but not in women (BUN, P = 0.43; Scr, P = 0.54).Conclusion: BUN and Scr are potential risk factors for infection of COVID-19 in Japanese patients, particularly in men. Our results suggest that renal parameters might be important in Japanese male patients for the early detection of COVID-19 infection.Keywords: adult patients, COVID-19, risk factors, kidney function, Japanes