Two German chamomile genotypes (wild and domestic) were investigated for essential oil content and composition. Wild and domestic chamomile flowers were collected from Noor-Abad and Karaj regions and dried before essential oil extraction using distillation method. Essential oil components were identified by analytical gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results revealed that essential oil efficiency in domestic and wild chamomile was recorded as 0.87 and 0.77%, respectively. Amongst fifteen different components identified in essential oil samples, (E)-â-farnesene, á -bisabolol oxide A and B and chamazulene were found to be the major components with frequency of 12.86, 31.86, 5.24 and 6.16% in domestic species and 8.83, 2.52, 1.81 and 55.606% in wild species. Irrespective of slight reduction in essential oil content and its components, wild German chamomile genotype can be used as valuable source in future domestication programmes

Amin, Salehi

S, Hazrati

Yaqoub , Behzadi

English

Journal of Horticultural Sciences

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License,which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Short CommunicationJ. Hortic. Sci.Vol. 18(2) : 00-00, 2023JHS 12345678Comparison of essential oil content and composition in two German chamomile(Matricaria chamomile L.) genotypesSalehi A.1*, Hazrati S.2 and Behzadi Y.31&3Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran2Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran*Corresponding author Email : aminsalehi@yu.ac.irABSTRACTTwo German chamomile genotypes (wild and domestic) were investigated for essential oil content andcomposition. Wild and domestic chamomile flowers were collected from Noor-Abad and Karaj regions anddried before essential oil extraction using distillation method. Essential oil components were identified byanalytical gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results revealed that essential oil efficiency in domesticand wild chamomile was recorded as 0.87 and 0.77%, respectively. Amongst fifteen different componentsidentified in essential oil samples, (E)-â-farnesene, á -bisabolol oxide A and B and chamazulene were found tobe the major components with frequency of 12.86, 31.86, 5.24 and 6.16% in domestic species and 8.83, 2.52,1.81 and 55.606% in wild species. Irrespective of slight reduction in essential oil content and its components,wild German chamomile genotype can be used as valuable source in future domestication programmes.Keywords: á-bisabolol oxide A, á-bisabolol oxide B, chamomile, chamazulene.INTRODUCTIONGerman chamomile (Matricaria chamomile L.) is amedicinal plant belongs to the family Asteraceae.Chamomile flowers are used as medicinal herb,cosmetic agent, herbal tea and aromatherapy ingredient(Omidbaigi, 2000). M. chamomilla (Syn: M. recutita)is known as German chamomile, European chamomile,wild chamomile or standard chamomile in Iran. M.chamomilla is  an  annual  herbaceous  plant  withbranched and erect stems which grows to a height of10–70 cm  (Ghanavati,  2007).  The  main  activeingredients in Matricaria species include farnesene, α-bisabolol, chamazulene, flavonoids including apigenin,quercetin, patuletin and luteolin and coumarin (Azizi,2006). Chamazulene and α-bisabolol have anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmolyticproperties and are used in gastrointestinal drugs (Anneet al., 2001). In addition, it has been confirmed thatchamomile extraction is effective in relaxing thenervous system and reducing paroxysm (Ghanavati,2007). Chamazulene have anti-inflammatory andantifungal properties and are widely used in cosmeticproducts (Rahmai et al., 2009).Unfortunately, in Iran, due to lack of knowledge ongenetic resources and genes function in medicinalplants, there are no appropriate breeding programmes.Therefore, identification and characterization ofdesirable genes in different varieties and species canhelp researchers to take the appropriate steps to maketheir results more accessible to otherresearchers. Taviana  (2001)  assessed  the  geneticdiversity in 13 German chamomile for flower yield andessential oil properties. D’Andrea (2002) investigatedgenetic diversity in diploids and tetraploids cultivarsbased on morphological attributes, flower yield andessential oil components. According to Cirecelav et al.(1993), essential oil components in the differentchamomile biotypes were significantly different.Medicinal plant growth and development is controlledby genetic factors, climate conditions, soil properties,geographical categorization and field management.Each of these factors and also interaction betweenthem can significantly affect essential oil quality andquantity in medicinal plants. Most of the currentresearches refer to chemical analyses anddetermination of bioactive properties of wild standsand there are not many studies that can be used forcomparison between wild and domestic species.Although, chamomile is one of the most importantmedicinal plants in global markets, it is not acommercial plant in Iran and also there is not enoughinformation on its wild populations. Therefore, in this2J. Hortic. Sci.Vol. 18(2) : 00-00, 2023Salehi et al.study, two different German chamomile genotypes(wild and domestic) were compared for essential oiland its composition.In order to compare two German chamomile genotypes(wild and domestic) in term of essential oil quantityand quality, wild and domestic chamomile flowerswere collected in 2020 from natural habitat at Noor-Abad region in Fars province and a commercial fieldlocated in Karaj, respectively. The samples wereconfirmed at Yasooj University Central Herbarium.To determine essential oil content, flower samples(100 g) were dried under shade, powdered usingelectric blender, replicated thrice during each harvest,was used to extract essential oil using Clevenger-typeapparatus for 2 h. Finally, the aqueous essential oilwas dehydrated by sodium sulfate (Zeinali et al., 2008)to calculate essential oil efficiency (%). Essential oilcomponents were identified by analyticalgas-chromatography and mass spectrometry. Obtainedspectrums were compared with standard spectrumsand the relative percentage of each component wascalculated using area under the curve and areanormalization method (Kapoor et al., 2008).The essential oil extract was diluted with acetone andinjected into the gas-chromatograph coupled with themass spectrometer. The compounds were detected andidentified by comparing their retention times andindices with those in the mass-spectral librarymaintained by the National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST 11.0), Wiley MS data system(Wiley, Chichester, UK), and previous literature.Inhibition indexes were calculated using normalhydrocarbons (9-25 °C) under similar thermalconditions. Further identification was made bymatching the mass spectral fragmentation patterns ofdifferent compounds with corresponding data (Adamsand Wiley 7.0 library) and other published massspectra (Adams, 2007).A Thermo-UFM Gas-Chromatograph (Model 9A)with Hp-5 column was used. The column used was10 m × 0.1 mm with 0.4 mm film thickness. Thetemperature programme was initial temperature 60ÚCfor 3 min; increase to 285ÚC at a rate of 5.8ÚC permin, injector and detector (FID) temperatures were280ÚC. Helium was used as the carrier gas for GC/FID analysis with the pressure of 3 kg per cm2.Percentage was calculated by electronic integration ofFID peak areas without the use of response factorcorrelation.A Varian 3400 GC/MS connected to ion trap MassSpectrophotometer was used. The used column wasDB-5 (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness of 0.25 mm).Similar temperature program was used; however finalcolumn temperature was 250ÚC. Injector temperaturewas set at 260ÚC. Helium gas was used as the carriergas with the flow rate of 31.5 cm per second.Ionization voltage was 70 eV, scanning time was onesecond, and mass range analyzed was 40-340 amu(Jalali et al., 2008). Identification of the essential oilcomponents was accomplished by comparing theirretention times, indices, and mass spectra withauthentic standards. Percentage evaluation of the oilcomponents was accomplished by assessing the areanormalization.The results indicated that domestic genotype (0.87%)contain more essential oil than wild genotype (0.77%).Moreover, essential oil constituents in two differentGerman chamomile genotypes were determined usingGC-MS. A total of fifteen different compounds wereidentified in chamomile samples (Table 1). Thesecompounds were commonly found in essential oilextracted from chamomile flower heads with differentpercentages depending on genotypes. Qualitative andquantitative differences were observed, when acomparison was made between two different Germanchamomile genotypes (Fig. 1).Chamomile essential oil properties like other plants iscontrolled by genetics factors, however, climateconditions and interaction between plant andenvironment affect essential oil properties (Ebadiet al., 2008). Considering the high essential oil content(0.77%) in wild genotype, wild genotype can be usedin future breeding programs although compared to adomestic genotype, the essential oil content was less.It has been reported that essential oil percentage indomestic genotypes like Soroksari (0.9%) wassignificantly higher than wild genotypes such as Shirazand Damavand (0.1%) (Omidbaigi, 1999). The resultsdemonstrated that chamazulene content (55.606 %) inwild genotype was significantly higher than domesticgenotype which indicates the higher ability of wildgenotype in the synthesis of chamazulene. Therefore,wild genotype can be used in domesticationprogrammes as a valuable source of chamazulene.Chamazulene content is affected by growth conditions.3Comparison of essential oil content and compositionTable 1 : Essential oil compositions in domestic and wild genotype of Matricaria chamomileEssential oil component Retention indices Domestic genotype Wild genotypeSabinene 984 0.263 ——á-Terpinene 1044 0.049 ——ñ-Cymene 1049 0.139 ——1,8-Cineole 1068 0.393 0.391Artemisia ketone 1091 0.117 0.149(E)- Anethole 1310 20.569 1.323(E)-ß-Farnesene 1465 12.863 8.839Germacrene D 1533 1.173 0.729Bicyclo germacrene 1566 0.577 0.256(E)-Nerolidol 1650 1.050 ——á-Bisabolol oxide B 1706 5.248 1.818á-Bisabolone oxide A 1712 1.337 ——Chamazulene 1736 6.166 55.606á-Bisabolol oxide A 1821 41.862 21.521Occidol acetate 1955 7.279 7.370Unknown compounds —— 8.194 1.998Total identified (%) —— 91.806 98.002Essential oil content (%) —— 0.87 0.77Wild genotype Domestic genotypeFig. 1 : Chromatograms for essential oil compositionα-bisabolol oxide A content in wild genotype (21.52%)was found to be less than domestic genotype (31.86%).Similar results were observed as to α-bisabolol oxideB, 5.24% in domestic genotype compared with 1.81%in wild genotype. E- ß-farnesene is another componentfound in chamomile essential oil which was found tobe higher in domestic genotype compare to wildgenotype. Jalali et al. (2008) have found 5 differentcomponents in M. recutita flower essential oil, themajor compounds included α-bisabolen oxide A(63.6%), α-bisabolol oxide A (15.4%) andchamazulene (10.6%).According to the obtained results, irrespective of slightreduction in essential oil content and some essentialoil components, wild German chamomile genotype canbe used as valuable source in future domesticationprogrammes. However, further research is needed inthe field of medicinal plant biochemistry and breedingto release appropriate cultivars and chemo types.REFERENCESAdams, P. R. (2007). Identification of essential oilcomponents by gas chromatography/massspectroscopy; Allured Publishing Corporation,Carol Stream: DuPage, IL.4Anne, O., Tiiu, K., & Kailas, W. (2001). Volatileconstituents of Matricaria recutital. FromEstonia, Proc. Estonian Academy of Sciences,Chemistry, 50(1), 39–45.Azizi, M. (2006). Study of four improved cultivarsof Matricaria chamomilla. In climatic conditionof Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal andAromatic Plants Research, 22(4), 385-396.Cirecelav, G., De Mastro, G., D’Andrea, L., & Nano,G. M. (1993). Comparison of chamomilebiotypes (Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert).Acta Horticulturae, 330, 211-212, https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.330.26D’Andrea, L. (2002). Variation of morphology, yieldand essential oil components in commonchamomile (Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert)cultivars grown in Southern Italy. Journal ofHerbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 9(4),3 5 9 - 3 6 5 . . h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 3 0 0 /J044v09n04_14Ebadi, M., Azizi, M., Omidbaigi, R., & Hassanzadehkhayyat, M. (2010). Effect of sowing date andharvest frequency on flower yield, essential oilpercent and composition of chamomile(Matricaria recutita L.) cv. Presov. IranianJournal of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsResearch, 26(2), 213-226.Ghanavati, M. (2007). Study of salinity effect on somegrowth characters of two Matricaria spices.Department of plant breeding, ShahrekordUniversity, Iran, (pp. 25–68).Jalali, Z., Sefidkon, F., Assareh, M. H., & Attar, F.(2008). Comparison of sesquiterpens in theessential oils of Anthemis hyalina DC,Matricaria recutita L. and Matricaria aurea(Loefl.) Schultz-Bip. Iranian Journal ofMedicinal and Aromatic Plants Research,24(1), 31-38.Kapoor, R., Giri, B., & Mukerji, K. G. (2004).Improved growth and essential oil yield andquality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill onmycorrhiza inoculation supplemented with p-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology, 93(3),3 0 7 - 3 1 1 . . h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 /j.biortech.2003. 10.028Omidbaigi, R. (1999). Study of Iran chamomile wildgenotype and compare with domestic genotype.Journal of Agricultural Science andTechnology, 1, 45-53.Omidbaigi, R. (2000). Approaches to production andprocessing of medicinal plants. Astan GhodsRazavi publication, third edition, pp. 397.Rahmai, M., Azizi, M., Hasanzadeh khayyat, M., &Neamati, H. (2009). The effects of differentlevel of nitrogen and plant density on theagromorphological characters, yield andessential oils content of improved chamomile(Matricaria chamomilla) cultivar “Bodegold”.Journal of Horticultural Science, 23(1), 27-35.https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v1388i1.1908Taviana P. (2001). Variation for agronomic andessential oil traits among wild populations ofChamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch from CentralItaly. Journal of Herbs Spices & MedicinalPlants Spices & Medicinal Plants, 4, 353-358.https://doi.org/ 10.1300/J044v09n04_13Zeinali, H., Bagheri Kholanjani, M., Golparvar, M.R., Jafarpour, M. A. H., & Shirani Rad, A. H.(2008). Effect of different planting time andnitrogen fertilizer rates on flower yield and itscomponents in German chamomile (Matricariarecutita). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences,3(39), 220-230.Salehi et al.(Received : 16.09.2021; Revised : 15.12.2023; Accepted : 20.12.2023)

Comparison of essential oil content and composition in two German chamomile (Matricaria chamomile L.) genotypes

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Comparison of essential oil content and composition in two German chamomile (Matricaria chamomile L.) genotypes

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