As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better
understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk
management and climate adaptation. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about
the processes, interactions, and feedbacks in complex human–water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. Here we present a benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e. two floods
or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas and
cover a wide range of socio-economic and hydro-climatic conditions. The dataset is unique in covering both
floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed and in the quantity of socio-hydrological data. The benchmark dataset comprises (1) detailed review-style reports about the events and key processes between the two
events of a pair; (2) the key data table containing variables that assess the indicators which characterize management shortcomings, hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and impacts of all events; and (3) a table of the indicators
of change that indicate the differences between the first and second event of a pair. The advantages of the
dataset are that it enables comparative analyses across all the paired events based on the indicators of change
and allows for detailed context- and location-specific assessments based on the extensive data and reports of
the individual study areas. The dataset can be used by the scientific community for exploratory data analyses, e.g. focused on causal links between risk management; changes in hazard, exposure and vulnerability; and
flood or drought impacts. The data can also be used for the development, calibration, and validation of sociohydrological models. The dataset is available to the public through the GFZ Data Services (Kreibich et al., 2023,
https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.4.2023.001)
