Deuel, Wes

Svenson, Sven E.

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Section IVBiological and Cultural ControlLimnanthes (Meadowfoam) Seedmeal As a Potential BiocideWes Deuel and Sven SvensonNorth Willamette Research & Extension CenterOregon State University15210 NEMileyRd.Aurora, Oregon 97002-9543(503) 678-1264Wes.Deuel@orst.eduSven.e.svenson@orst.eduOur objective is to determine ifLimnanthes plant residues can be utilized as a biocide tocontrol various pests in agricultural andhorticultural production systems. Limnanthes plantresidues can include defatted seedmeal usedas a mulch/top-dressing or incorporated, a covercrop, a green manure, or used in combination with other plant residues and/or biocides.Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Hartweg ex. Benth) is a commercial oilseed crop producedin the WillametteValleyofOregonfor its uniquefatty acids which are used in themanufacture of lubricants, cosmetics and plastics (Kleimanand Princen, 1991; Savonen,1997). Uses for the seedmeal remaining after oil extraction need to be identified. Variousspecies ofLimnanthes arealsousedas ornamental crops, suchasLimnanthes douglasii.Previous studieshave shown thatLimnanthes seeds contain glucosinolate glucolimnanthin(Bartelt andMikolajczak, 1989). Glucosinolate degradation products includeisothiocyanates, nitrilesand thiocyanates (VanEtten and Tookey, 1983), someofwhichhave been shown to bepotent biocides (Brown et al., 1991; Gamliel and Stapleton, 1993;Delaquis and Mazza, 1995). Degradation productsofglucolimnanthinhave been shown tobe highly toxic to several insect larvae (Bartelt andMikolajczak, 1989). Examinationofseeds of the genusLimnanthes by Sarkeret al. (1996) demonstrates the presence ofmoderate to high levelsof phytoecdysteroids. Experiments are currently underway at NorthWillamette Research& Extension Center (NWREC)to examine the effects of L. seedmealon Black Vine weevils in nursery crops.Vaughn et al. (1996) studiedmeadowfoam breakdown productswith potential inhibitoryeffects on weed growth, identifying 3-methoxyphenyl acetonitrile as the probable activeingredient inhibiting radicle elongation ofvelvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus) andwheat (Triticus aestivum L. 'Cardinal'). Experiments conducted in 1998 at NWREC and at"on-site" commercialnurseries confirm the phytotoxic effects ofL. seedmeal when used as atop-dressing application andplanting media incorporation in ornamental taxa. Species ofornamnetals screened included:Acer, Agrapanthus, Artemisia, Buxus, Carex, Cornus,Dianthus, Dicentra, Dryopteris, Euonymus, Forsythia, Ginko, Heuchera, Hosta, Ilex,^51Section IVBiological and Cultural ControlJuniperus, Nicotiana, Picea, Potentilla, Prunus, Rhododendron, Rosa, Salvia, Tagetes,Taxus, Thuja, Tiarella, Viburnum, Vinca, Yucca, and Zinnia. Phototoxicity symptoms(stunted growth, chlorosis, necrotic tissue, death) occurred in all treatments ofCornus, andathigher treatment rates (>25% by volume) when incorporated into media ofEuonymous,Ginko, Juniperus, Potentilla, Rhododendron, Taxus, and Thuja. However, top-dressing withseedmeal resulted in less phytotoxicity symptoms exhibited. Also, low rates of seedmeal (5-10% byvolume top-dressed or incorporated) resulted in significantly greater plant heightcompared to controls. This is probably due to a low C:N ratio and additional mineralsupplementation as revealed by mineral analysis of the seedmeal. A correlation betweentreatment andweeds wasobserved with seedmeal treatments containing fewer weeds.Effects of L. seedmeal on vegetable seedlingswas also conducted in 1998at a commercialseedling production nursery (NW Transplants, Mollala, Oregon). Vegetables examinedincluded broccoli, cabbage, celery, leek, lettuce, pepper, and squash. Treatments included acontrol, 2%, 7%and20%incorporation anda 30%by volume top-dressing in 200countseedling plugtrays. Results included inhibition of seedling emergence in all treatments ofseedmeal andphytotoxic symptoms includinga-gravitropic response in treatmentscontaining 7% and20% incorporations and30% top-dressings. Thehighest degree ofphytotoxicity wasrecorded in the 20%incorporation treatments. Treatments containing 2%and 7%seedmeal incorporations resulted in significantly greater color andvigor in pepper,celery, and squash when compared to controls.Glucosinolate products havebeenshownto influence bacterial and fungal populations(Brown andMorra, 1997). Studies ofpathogen inhibition by glucosinolate-derivedallelochemicals include inhibiting the growth ofRhizoctonia solani(Lewis andPapavizas,1974), Pythium ultimum andSclerotium rolfsii(Gamliel and Stapleton, 1993), Fusariumoxysporum (Horricks, 1969), andAphanomyces root rot (Papavizas, 1966). Our preliminarydata analysis indicates that L. seedmeal may be useful for controlling liverwort, an unsightlybryophyte fungi commonly found in nursery crops. Experiments are planned for 1999 thatwill determine the compatibility ofLimnanthes plant residues with other beneficialmicroorganisms including mycorrhizal fungi. If compatible, the combination would make avery useful biorational tool for the control ofweeds, soilborne diseases and insects. The useof plant-produced allelochemicals in agricultural practices could minimize syntheticpesticide use, reduce the associated potential for environmental contamination, andcontribute to a sustainable agricultural system (Brown and Morra, 1997).Clubroot, a generic name describing the disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.,a pathogenic fungi, has been a serious problem in cruciferous crops for over 250 years. Thefirst historic mention of this disease dates back to 1736 (Wellman, 1930). At present, thisdisease is widespread and occurs wherever crucifers are cultivated including the PacificNorthwest. Breeding resistant crops is promising but adoption of this technology is slow.Many soil sterilants and fungicides offer some control but marginal values in the crops52Section IVBiological and Cultural Controlusually do not justify their use. We recently examined the effects ofLimnanthes seedmeal onPlasmodiophora brassicaeWor. in Chinese mustard and cauliflower. This experiment wasalso conducted at an "on-site" commercial nursery (NWTransplants in Mollala, Oregon,1998). The experiment included two controls (negative and positive for pathogen), seedmealincorporation treatments of 5%, 10%, and 20% by volume, a 10% seedmeal plus an 8 ouncedrench (per pot) of 3% H202. Another treatment consisted of a 10% incorporation ofmeadowfoam screenings. Pots were hand sown with susceptible varieties of Chinesemustard (Brassica chinensis (un-named line)), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var.botrytis 'Snowball Y Improved') on intervals of 7 days (7,14,21,and 28 days). Alltreatments with meadowfoam plant residue incorporations (seedmeal and screenings)resulted in complete control of clubbing compared to positive controls which contained 70-90%o clubbing and severity ranging from <25% of root system clubbed to >50% of rootsystem clubbed including rotting ofmain tap root. Both plant species exhibited clubbing inpositive controls with Chinese mustard containing a higher degree of clubbing. There wassignificantdifference in plant height between controls and treatments. Treatments containing20% seedmeal and 10% seedmeal with 3% H202 drench resulted in plants exhibitingphytotoxic symptoms (germination inhibition, a-gravitropic response, stunted growth,chlorosis, and death). These symptoms varied to a lesser degree as seeds were sown later(significantlygreater phytotoxic effects when seeds were sown at 7 days compared to seedssown at 28 days after initial media preparation). However, treatments with 5% and 10%seedmeal and 10% screenings resulted similar to greater plant height compared to controls.Determination of asymptotic presence of pathogen on treated plants using microscopy wasinconclusive.Literature Cited:Bartlett, R.J. and K.L. Mikolajczak. 1989. Toxicity of compounds derivedfrom Limnanthes alba seed to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) andEuropean corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Journal ofEcon.Entomol. 82:1054-1060.Beekhuis, H. A. 1975. Technology and industrial applications. In "Chemistry andbiochemistryofThiocyanicAcid and its Derivatives" (A. A. Newman, Ed.), pp. 222-225.Academic Press, London.Brown, P.D., M.J. Morra. 1997. Control of soil-borne plant pests using glucosinolate-containing plants. Advances in Agronomy, 61:167-229.Brown, P.D., M.J. Morra, J.P. McCaffrey, D.L. Auld, and L. Williams III.1991.Allelochemicals produced during glucosinolate degradation in soil.J. Chem.Ecol. 17:2021-2034.53Section IVBiological and Cultural ControlDelaquis, P.J. and G. Mazza. 1995.Antimicrobial properties ofisothiocyanates in food preservation. Food Technol. 49:73-84.Gamliel, A. and J.J. Stapleton. 1983.Characterization of antifungalvolatile compounds evolved from solarized soil amendedwith cabbbageresidues. Phytopathology 83:899-905.Horricks, J. S. 1969. Influence of rape residue on cereal production. Can. J. Plant Sci.49:632-634.Kleiman, R. and L.J. Princen. 1991. New industrial oilseed crops.Pp.127-132 in T.J. Applewhite (ed.). Proceedings, World Conference onOleochemicals into the 21st Century. American Oil Chemist's Society,Champaign, Illinois.Lewis, J. A., and G. C. Papavivas. 1974. Effect of volatiles fromdecomposing plant tissueson pigmentation, growth and survival ofRhizoctonia solani. Soil Sci. 118:156-163.Papavivas, G. C. 1966. SuppressionofAphanomyces root rot ofpeas by cruciferous soilamendments. Phytopathology 56:1071-1075.Savonen, C. 1997. Thar she grows. Oregon's Agricultural Progress44(1):8-13.VanEtten, C.H. and H.L. Tookey. 1983. Glucosinolates, pp. 15-30 in M.Rechcigl (ed.). Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton,FL.Vaughn, S.F., R.A. Boydston and C.A. Mallory-Smith. 1996. Isolation andidentification of (3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile as a phytotoxin frommeadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) seedmeal. Journal ofChemical Ecology22(10):1939-1949.Wellman, F. L. 1930. Clubroot of crucifers. U.S.D.A. Tech. Bulletin No. 181.5h

Limnanthes (Meadowfoam) Seedmeal as a Potential Biocide

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Limnanthes (Meadowfoam) Seedmeal as a Potential Biocide

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