Tropospheric refractivity, related to temperature, pressure, and humidity, is an interesting parameter for weather analysis, prediction, and study of climate trends. It has been shown to be useful for the detection and forecast of convective events. It has already been demonstrated that tropospheric refractivity can be estimated from radar phase measurements. In this article, a nonlinear least squares based approach for the estimation of the tropospheric refractivity that simultaneously provides the estimates of the refractivity vertical gradient is presented. A significant improvement of the presented technique is that it allows estimation of the refractivity over any terrain orography, flat, or hilly. Furthermore, the method developed can be implemented on klystron as well as on magnetron-based radars. Results for both radar types, at S- and C-bands, located over flat and hilly terrain show the potential of the method.European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency | Ref. Life16 Env/ES/000559Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GRC2019/02
