Studying the different sides of 400 m sports preparation is a key factor for the proper development of sports

results. Strength training is one of the most important parts of sprint running. The object of the study is

sports training of athletes in the 400 m sprint, and in particular strength training. The subject is the content

and volume of the annual preparation for girls under 18, specializing in 400 m sprint. We used the following

methods: sports-pedagogical and technical-tactical analysis of athletes; interview; Case-study analysis;

Mathematical and statistical methods. We analyzed: 16 macrocycles.

Girls under 18 years have a large set of auxiliary exercises for strength training-total of 52. Volumetric

characteristics must be precisely used according to age and individual qualities. We established minimum,

maximum, and average volume values of the various means in macro-, meso- and microcycles.

In conclusion, we can note the need for more scientific and methodological developments to help the

process of applying specific volumes for the different strength exercises, during the different periods of

annual preparation. With this study, we present relevant information for the volume and diversity of used

athletic means used in practice and can help other coaches

I. Dimova

Trakia Journal of Sciences

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  Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 21, Suppl. 1, 2023                                                        561 Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 21, Suppl. 1, pp 561-565, 2023 Copyright © 2023 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg                                                                         ISSN 1313-3551 (online)       doi:10.15547/tjs.2023.s.01.093                                STUDY OF STRENGTH TRAINING IN 400 M SPRINT FOR                                     GIRLS UNDER 18 YEARS            I. Dimova*             Department of Track and Field, Teachers Faculty, National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”,             Sofia, Bulgaria  ABSTRACT Studying the different sides of 400 m sports preparation is a key factor for the proper development of sports results. Strength training is one of the most important parts of sprint running. The object of the study is sports training of athletes in the 400 m sprint, and in particular strength training. The subject is the content and volume of the annual preparation for girls under 18, specializing in 400 m sprint. We used the following methods: sports-pedagogical and technical-tactical analysis of athletes; interview; Case-study analysis; Mathematical and statistical methods. We analyzed: 16 macrocycles.  Girls under 18 years have a large set of auxiliary exercises for strength training-total of 52. Volumetric characteristics must be precisely used according to age and individual qualities. We established minimum, maximum, and average volume values of the various means in macro-, meso- and microcycles.  In conclusion, we can note the need for more scientific and methodological developments to help the process of applying specific volumes for the different strength exercises, during the different periods of annual preparation. With this study, we present relevant information for the volume and diversity of used athletic means used in practice and can help other coaches.  Key words: strength, sprint, annual preparation, women   INTRODUCTION The specific features of the 400 meters make it one of the most attractive athletics disciplines. Achieving success in this discipline is influenced by a complex of technical and tactical factors (1,  2), combined and influenced by the moral-willed qualities of the given competitor (3).  Carrying out adequate and suitable for the individual characteristics of the athlete, sports training is a mandatory part of the sports-competitive activity (4). Management of sports training is a complex process, which should be understood as a complex of regulated actions/type, volume, and intensity of means, methods, and applicability, medical-organizational solutions, scientific-applied _____________________________ *Correspondence to: Iva, Dimova, Department of Track and Field, Teachers Faculty, National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia, bul. Acad. Stefan Mladenov # 21, e-mail ivi4et_0@abv.bg, authors phone +359 897 334 672 apparatus for the analysis of training, pedagogical guidelines, social influences, sports regimen, nutrition, recovery, bio stimulation, etc./ on the athlete /system/, which lead to a certain sports-pedagogical goal (5, 6).  Leading a successful preparation is the main goal for every athlete and their coach. But that is not an easy task to do. Many factors are affecting the whole process. Sprint events require specific strength training depending on the length of the discipline (7). Our study is focused on 400 m for girls under 18 years of age. Different means of strength training are used in their preparation. We chose to analyze the means for strength development which are different from the running means. This includes auxiliary exercise like different kinds of jumps and exercises with external resistance. Most of the research data present less detailed information, so that is why our scientific interest led us to this matter.     DIMOVA I. 562                                                     Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 21, Suppl. 1, 2023 METHODS  The main aim of the study is to gather specific information about strength training in the preparation process of 400 m of the age group.   Volume values of strength drills must be very precisely done, especially for the age group under 18 years. These athletes are still growing and developing, and that is why coaches must be very careful about this side of the annual preparation.  The data that we obtained is from the training diaries of athletes and their coaches. Many athletes of this age are still in the stage of establishing their main discipline, so we gathered information only from girls specializing in the 400 m dash. We managed to disclose the main training drills for the age group and present data for the absolute values in the different structural units in the annual macrocycle.  We suggest that there are specific similarities in the strength training according to the chosen types of exercises and amount of training loud. As a starting point, we differentiate the strength exercises according to M. Buchvarov’s theory of specialized variety (8), which divides all exercises into special, specialized, and auxiliary drills. The study concentrates on analyzing auxiliary drills used to improve strength.  We analyzed 16 macrocycles for girls under 18 years of age. The data from each separate training session is arranged in specially developed tables. Data is systemized from the tables and managed to establish the range of volume for all exercises. From the raw data, we can also point to the distribution of different drills and their inclusion or exclusion during different time periods of the annual preparation.  For the study, the following methods were applied: sport-pedagogical and technical-tactical analysis of athletes’ preparation, case-study analysis; mathematical and statistical methods; interviews with athletes and coaches.   RESULTS According to study data, athletes from this age group used up to 52 different types of strength exercises (Table 1). The average count from the included cases is 45 drills. This confirms the statement of different authors that this age group still needs a variety of exercises for overall development. The variety of drills can lead to a better level of development.   Table 1. Number of the used athletic means in preparation аge group U18 number of drills 52 average of 45 different drills  The information in Table 2 represents the main types of exercises and their measurement unit. As mentioned before, we mainly deal with specialized and auxiliary exercises, and depending on the number of repetitions each exercise can lead to the development of different sport factor in the 400 m running. For instance, if we make a particular type of horizontal jump fast with up to 5-8 repetitions – this will improve the athlete’s maximal speed. But if the same exercise is done with moderate speed but over 15-20 repetitions – this will improve the speed endurance and special endurance in 400 m.  Table 2. Group types of exercises and measure unit type of exercise  measure unit exercise with external resistance and weights ton horizontal and vertical jumps number of repetitions basic exercise (crunches, push-ups, pull-ups, resistance bands, medicine balls) number of repetitions stair climbing number of sessions games  number of sessions    DIMOVA I. Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 21, Suppl. 1, 2023                                                        563 The following tables gather the volume values through the annual preparation. Each table consists of two parts-one for the first macrocycle and one for the second macrocycle. Each macrocycle consists of several smaller structural units-mesocycles. Revealing the volume of the smaller units will give thorough information about the variation of the training load for strength. Table 3 shows how many jumps, both horizontal and vertical, are obtained during training sessions for 400 m. Depending on the tasks of each training session the jumps are made before running sets, or after them. In our study, we even came across a drill that is for instance 300 m run in which the athlete finishes with a 50 m long jumping drill. This is extremely difficult for this age group and can even be a challenge for top athletes. If we pay attention to the first macrocycle, we can outline a tendency that from basic preparatory mesocycle to pre-competition mesocycle there is a gradual increase of the volume. Mean values start with over 200 jumps in the first mesocycle, then double in the second mesocycle. The special preparatory mesocycle consists of a slight increase and reached over 500 jumps. Then the mesocycle before competition we estimated the largest number of jumps. The practical data follows theoretical suggestions for an increase in volume from the Unified programs for sprint and hurdle running. Logically in the competition mesocycle, there is a drop in the values because this mesocycle has an important task for an athlete – to show his full potential in the main competitions. If the athlete’s work during training sessions is not calculated this can lead to exhaustion and the athlete’s fatigue can show faster in the last meters of the 400 m run. And the desired effect of strength exercises is the opposite.  For the second mesocycle when the athlete is at a better level, because it has already been through the autumn-winter preparation of course the volume of this kind of work is bigger at the beginning. But the practical data shows a smaller volume of the mean value of the jumps through the following mesocycles compared to the mesocycle in the first macrocycle. We assume that this is due to incorporating more running for special and speed endurance which in a way can replace some of the jumps for these two factors of sports results.   Table 3. The volume of jump during in different mesocycles (number of repetitions) First Macrocycle U18 mesocycle Basic Preparatory Special Preparatory  Special Preparatory  Precompetition mesocycle Competition mesocycle Recovery +basic month IX X XI XII I II Xmin 167 260 304 396 271 237 Xmax 450 644 908 1018 686 584 x̄ 209 487 532,9 638 392 404,5 Second Macrocycle U18 mesocycle Basic Preparatory Special Preparatory  Special Preparatory  Precompetition mesocycle Competition mesocycle Recovery +basic month II/ III IV V VI VII VIII Xmin 237 239 284 259 200   Xmax 584 884 731 960 505   x̄ 405 462 466 566 330     The table below represents the volume of all exercises for strength training with external resistance. We can note the same tendency of   variation of the volume for the first macrocycle-slight increase in tone volume until the competition mesocycle.     DIMOVA I. 564                                                     Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 21, Suppl. 1, 2023 Table 4. The volume of weight training in different mesocycles (tone) First Macrocycle U18 mesocycle Basic Preparatory Special Preparatory  Special Preparatory  Precompetition mesocycle Competition mesocycle Recovery +basic month IX X XI XII I II Xmin 5,78 8,87 11,75 11,76 10,31 7,68 Xmax 9,59 24,76 26,64 36,76 32,00 17,69 x̄ 7,68 15,90 18,04 26,31 19,43 12,05 Second Macrocycle U18 mesocycle Basic Preparatory Special Preparatory  Special Preparatory  Precompetition mesocycle Competition mesocycle Recovery +basic month II/ III IV V VI VII VIII Xmin 10,50 6,80 11,21 8,85 4,05   Xmax 52,02 27,58 30,85 16,70 15,70   x̄ 23,44 16,28 20,54 12,27 10,13    The figures that follow show the overall volume for the used strength exercises. Figure 1 represents all the weight training work of the athletes. The first cycle of the preparation again marks higher values, compared to the second one. The mean total for the winter-autumn cycle is 99 tones and the mean total after the spring-summer cycle is 20 tones less. The athlete who managed to do the heaviest training load of this kind marked 275 tones, which is approximately 2 times higher than the average values.   Figure 1. The overall volume of weight training during the first and second macrocycles   Figure 2. The overall volume of jumps during the first and second macrocycles 56,1537,3693,51147,44127,15274,5999,4172,53171,940501001502002503001st Macrocycle 2nd Macrocycle overallXmin Xmax x̄1635982261742903080737026631823448780018002800380048005800680078001st Macrocycle 2nd Macrocycle overallU18Xmin Xmax x̄  DIMOVA I. Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 21, Suppl. 1, 2023                                                        565 Analyzing Figure 2 we can note that for the first macrocycle, the values are bigger compared to the second. The mean number of jumps in the first macrocycle is 2663 and for the second is 1823. The highest number of jumps done by an athlete is 4920 for the first macrocycle and 3080 for the second. The higher volume during the first preparation can be explained by the need for building a good base for the following hard work. Of course, the second preparation period is not as long as the first, so this is another reason for the decline in the volumes of vertical and horizontal jumps.  CONCLUSION In this study, we try to give a starting point and important information about volume values for strength training in 400 m for girls under 18 years. Understanding the usage of particular drills, their implication in preparation, and especially the volume can provide a good prerequisite for better performance in the studied discipline. The presented data can be deemed as a framework and given the individual athletes’ characteristics to be adjusted.  REFERENCES  1 Kolarov A., Kaburov G.„Byagane na kŭsi i shtafetni byaganiya“, Sofia 1983. (BG) 2 Nyagin, Pl., Gutev, Gr. et. al., Technical and tactical characteristics of the 400 m hurdle running, 16th Scientific Conference FIS Communications 2013 in physical education, sport and recreation, and 1st International Scientific Conference 18th-19th of October 2013, Nis, Serbia, Book of Proceedings, Nis, Serbia, ISBN 978-86-87249-53-0, pp. 89-93., 2013 3 Krŭstev Ĭ., Antonov, N. Et.al., Edinna programa sprintovi i prepyat·stveni byaganiya, BSFS, Sofia, 1985. (BG) 4 Dimitrov, D., Usŭvŭrshenstvane strukturata i sŭdŭrzhanieto na trenirovŭchniya protses v sprintovite byaganiya. LTU, Sofia, 2003. (BG) 5 Slavchev A., Sravnitelen analiz na razpredelenieto na usiliyata po razstoyanieto ot mŭzhete i zhenite pri gladkoto byagane na 400 metra.- sp. Sport i nauka, br. 1a, s. 49, 1999. (BG) 6 Gutev, Gr., Njagin, P., Research on the Bulgarian U14 track and field status and the tendency of development. Book of abstracts International Scientific Conference “Effects of Physical Activity Application to Anthropological Status of Children, Youth and Adults”, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia 11-12 December ISSN978-86-82055-92-7;2,6, pp 183, 2013 7 Gadev, M., Analiz na dinamikata na razvitieto na kompleksnite faktori na sportnoto postizhenie v sprinta za mŭzhe, Sport i nauka br. 5, Tip-top pres, Sofia, 1986. (BG) 8 Bŭchvarov, M. And Antonov, N, Sprint – trenirovka i upravlenie.-NSA – IPB, Sofia,1991. (BG)  

STUDY OF STRENGTH TRAINING IN 400 M SPRINT FOR  GIRLS UNDER 18 YEARS

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STUDY OF STRENGTH TRAINING IN 400 M SPRINT FOR GIRLS UNDER 18 YEARS

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