This paper conducts an extensive comparative study of state-of-the-art solutions for im-
plementing the SHA-3 hash function. SHA-3, a pivotal component in modern cryptography, has
spawned numerous implementations across diverse platforms and technologies. This research aims
to provide valuable insights into selecting and optimizing Keccak SHA-3 implementations. Our
study encompasses an in-depth analysis of hardware, software, and software–hardware (hybrid)
solutions. We assess the strengths, weaknesses, and performance metrics of each approach. Critical
factors, including computational efficiency, scalability, and flexibility, are evaluated across differ-
ent use cases. We investigate how each implementation performs in terms of speed and resource
utilization. This research aims to improve the knowledge of cryptographic systems, aiding in the
informed design and deployment of efficient cryptographic solutions. By providing a comprehensive
overview of SHA-3 implementations, this study offers a clear understanding of the available options
and equips professionals and researchers with the necessary insights to make informed decisions in
their cryptographic endeavors
