Current understanding of the role of cholesterol in the life cycle of Alphaviruses

Abstract

This work was supported by the Brazilian research funding agencies Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes).Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Enterovírus. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Universidade do Estado do Pará. Departamento de Patologia. Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Belém, PA, Brazil / Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / Instituto Euro-Americano de Educação. Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia, Ciência e Tecnologia. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem. Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Enveloped viruses rely on different lipid classes present in cell membranes to accomplish several steps of their life cycle in the host. Particularly for alphaviruses, a medically important group of arboviruses, which are part of the Togaviridae family, cholesterol seems to be a critical lipid exploited during infection, although its relevance may vary depending on which stage of the virus life cycle is under consideration and whether infection takes place in vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. In this review, the role of cholesterol in both early and late events of alphavirus infection and how viral replication may affect cholesterol metabolism are summarized, taking into account studies on Old World and New World alphaviruses in different cell lines. Moreover, the importance of cholesterol for the structural stability of alphavirus particles is also discussed, shedding light on the role played by this lipid when they leave the host cell

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