The pathogenesis of cancer is often driven by local invasion and metastasis. Recently, mechanical properties of the tumor microenvironment have been identified as potent regulators of invasion and metastasis, while matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are classically known as significant enhancers of cancer cell migration and invasion. Here we have been able to sensitively measure MMP activity changes in response to specific extracellular matrix (ECM) environments and cell contractility states. A pancreatic cancer cell line, Panc-1 cells, up-regulate MMP activities between 3- and 10- fold with increased cell contractility. Conversely, they down-regulate MMP activities when contractility is blocked to levels seen with pan-MMP activity inhibitors. Similar, albeit attenuated responses are seen in other pancreatic cancer cell lines: BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells. In addition, MMP activity was modulated by substrate stiffness, collagen gel concentration and the degree of collagen crosslinking, when cells were plated on collagen gels ranging from 0.5-5 mg/ml that span the physiological range of substrate stiffness (50-2000 Pa). Panc-1 cells showed enhanced MMP activity on stiffer substrates, whereas BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 cells showed diminished MMP activity. In addition, eliminating heparan sulfate proteoglycans using heparinase completely abrogated the mechanical induction of MMP activity. These results demonstrate the first functional link between MMP activity, contractility and ECM stiffness and provide an explanation as to why stiffer environments result in enhanced cell migration and invasion.This is a manuscript of an article from FASEB Journal 28 (2014): 3589, doi: 10.1096/fj.13-245613. Posted with permission.</p
