Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1A. ICD-10 codes for Cluster 1. Supplementary Table 1B. Drug codes for Cluster 1. Supplementary Table 1C. Medical procedure codes for Cluster 1. Supplementary Table 2A. ICD-10 codes for Cluster 2. Supplementary Table 2B. Drug codes for Cluster 2. Supplementary Table 2C. Medical procedure codes for Cluster 2. Supplementary Table 3A. ICD-10 codes for Cluster 3. Supplementary Table 3B. Drug codes for Cluster 3. Supplementary Table 3C. Medical procedure codes for Cluster 3. Supplementary Table 4A. ICD-10 codes for Cluster 4. Supplementary Table 4B. Drug codes for Cluster 4. Supplementary Table 4C. Medical procedure codes for Cluster 4. Supplementary Table 5A. ICD-10 codes for Cluster 5. Supplementary Table 5B. Drug codes for Cluster 5. Supplementary Table 5C. Medical procedure codes for Cluster 5. Supplementary Table 6A. ICD-10 codes for Cluster 6. Supplementary Table 6B. Drug codes for Cluster 6. Supplementary Table 6C. Medical procedure codes for Cluster 6. Supplementary Table 7A. ICD-10 codes for Cluster 7. Supplementary Table 7B. Drug codes for Cluster 7. Supplementary Table 7C. Medical procedure codes for Cluster 7. Supplementary Table 8. ICD-10, drug, and medical procedure codes indicating retinopathy in Cluster 2. Supplementary Table 9A. ICD-10 codes indicating ocular diseases in Clusters 3 and 4. Supplementary Table 9B. Drug codes indicating ocular diseases in Clusters 3 and 4. Supplementary Table 9C. Medical procedure codes indicating ocular diseases in Clusters 3 and 4. Supplementary Fig. 1. Flowchart of the study. Supplementary Fig. 2. Elbow-Plot for K-means clustering Supplementary Fig. 3. Association between BMI and the proportion of the individuals with MHO. Supplementary Fig. 4. Health care fee of each cluster. Supplementary Fig. 5. UMAP plots of all individuals with BMI 30-35. Supplementary Data 1. Python Code for UMAP Reduction and K-means Clustering. Supplementary Data 2. Hierarchical Clustering